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BASIC GENETICS REVIEW
Genetics

study of ________________________
Father of
genetics
Gregor Mendel

____________ born in 1822.
 high school ___________________.
 studied ________________________ plants.

flowers have _________________.
 produce _________________.
 fertilization: __________________________________
 peas are _________________.
 true-breeds: ___________________________

________________: fertilized one plant with _____ from another.
 hybrids: ________________of crosses between _________
with _________________

true-bred __________ X true-bred ___________
 hybrid offspring = _____
Trait

___________________ varies betw/ individuals.
Heritable trait

trait that __________________________.
What did
Mendel
conclude?

_____________________ are passed from generation to generation.
 __________: chemical factors that determine traits
 alleles: ______________________.
 e.g. gene for _______________________
Principle of
dominance

some alleles are ____________________________.
 dominant allele: ___________________________.
 recessive allele: ____________________________
 e.g. trait = __________
tt = __________
Tt or TT = ____________
What did
Mendel
know?
What did
Mendel do?
What did
Mendel do next? 
crossed __________________________
 recessive trait ______________.
 recessive trait ______________
Law of
Segregation

____________________________ (sex cells) _________ (during meiosis).

SO________________ during fertilization
Genetics and Probability
Probability

___________________________________.
 ___________________: heads = ½ each coin toss.
Genetics?

probability can be __________________________________.
 predictions are __________________
 larger sample sizes _____________________.
Punnett Square

used to _______________________________________.
Vocabulary
genotype: _____________: write out alleles:“3Tt: 1tt”
phenotype: __________________: “3 tall: 1 short”
homozygous: _______________________________: TT or tt
heterozygous: _______________________________: Tt
Monohybrid
cross
example

cross _________________________________
 Offspring ____________:
 ¼ ______________________
 2/4 ______________________
 ¼ _____________________
 offspring ____________: ______________
Dihybrid cross
Example

cross _______________________________
 dominant: __________________
 recessive: ___________________
Parents (P)
Filial (F1)

________ (round/yellow) X _______(wrinkled/green)
 offspring: _______ (hybrid)
2nd generation
(F2)

cross 2 F1 plants ______________
 possible gametes (FOIL): _______________

offspring genotypes:
_______________________

offspring phenotypes:
_______________________
Principle of
Independent
Assortment

______________________________ during formation of gametes.
 creates ______________ in offspring.
Summary of
Mendel’s
Principles
1.
Inheritance ___________________________________________.
2.
Alleles of genes can be ____________________________.
3.
Somatic cells have ______________________________________.
4.
Genes ________________________________________________.
OTHER PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
It’s not always so simple……
Incomplete
Dominance

no allele is _________________.
 ___________________________________ phenotypes.
Example

red carnation X white carnation = ___________.
P genotype: ___X___
F1 genotype: ______ phenotype: ______
Codominance

_________________: both ________________
of offspring.

red cow X white cow = roan cow (red and white).
Example
P genotype: ___X___
F1 genotype: ______ phenotype: ______
Multiple Alleles

Example
Blood type
______________ of a gene
 _________________________.
 ______________________________.

alleles: ___________________________________
possible blood types
Example
P phenotype: ____X____
F1 genotype: ________
F1 phenotype: _______
genotype
AA
AO
BB
BO
AB
OO
phenotype
Sex linked
genes
Example

Gene __________________________________ (more commonly
X…the Y chromosome is tiny)
1. Colorblindness: _____________________________
 possible genotypes: ____________________________
 to be colorblind __________________________________
P genotype: ____X_____
F1 genotype: ____________ F1 phenotype: __________
2. Hemophilia ________________________
 possible genotypes:__________________________
P genotype: ____X_____
F1 genotype: ____________ F1 phenotype: __________
Polygenic Traits

traits _______________________________.
 human _____________________.
 AABBCCDD X aabbccdd…..__________________.
 _____________________ possible
Epigenetics
(epi = above)

traits _____________________________________.
 Genes are the ________.
 ENVIRONMENT ________________________.

smoking, diet, stress, prenatal nutrition, trauma, etc. ____________
__________________________.
 _____________ on DNA or ________________.
 may be _________________________.
 can __________________.
Mitosis Review
Meiosis
WHY?
MEIOSIS

_______________________________________daughter cells
 makes cells for ______________________________
 occurs in _____________________
 starts and results in ________________
 ________________________ chromosomes
 _______________________________

___________________________________________________ of
chromosomes
 makes ________________
 occurs in ___________________________________.
 ______________________________
 results in _____________________
Chromosomes
Crossing over
Gene Linkage
and Mapping

different _____________________.
 humans: 2N = 46; 1N = ______
 dog: 2N = 78; 1N = ______
 shrimp: 2N = 254; 1N = _____
 pineapple: 2N = 50; 1N = ______

homologous chromosomes ________
____________________ of meiosis

_____________________

genes can be ___________________________ on chromosomes.
 figured out with ______________.
 _________________________ chromosome.
 linked genes _______________________
 chromosomes ______________________
 linkage maps show ____________________
 ___________________________________

cross-over frequencies: A-B=8%
B-C=10%
C-A=2%