Download Plants – Part 2

Plants – Part 2
 Plant tissues are made of 
1) Parenchyma cells are the 
 Store 
 Help heal 
 Have 
2) Collenchyma cells provide 
 They are 
 They have 
 Celery strings are 
3) Schlerenchyma cells are the 
 Have a 
 Die when 
 Used by humans to make 
 Plant organs are made of 
o Dermal tissue 
 It 
 It 
 Forms 
o Ground tissue is found 
 It 
 It 
 Most commonly made of 
o Vascular tissue transports 
 Two networks of 
 Xylem transports 
 Phloem transports 
 Water & dissolved materials move through the 
o Xylem contains 
 Vessel elements are 
 Tracheid cells are 
 Xylem cells 
o The cohesion-tension theory explains 
 Plants 
 Cohesion is 
 Adhesion is 
o Water travels from roots to 
 Absorption occurs at the 
o Cohesion and adhesion occurs in the 
o Transpiration occurs at the 
 Transpiration is the 
 Water vapor exits through 
 It helps pull water to the 
 Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis 
o Phloem contains 
 Sieve tube elements are cells that have 
 Companion cells help 
 Unlike xylem, 
o The Pressure-Flow Model explains 
 Plants actively transport sugar from the 

Sugar flows to the sink due to 
 Roots 
o Roots provide 
 Support 
 Absorb, transport & store 
 Root hairs help with 
o There are several parts of a root:
 Root cap 
 Apical meristem is the 
 Vascular cylinder contains 
o There are 
 Fibrous root systems 
 Taproot systems 
 Stems:
o Stems have many functions:
 They support 
 House 
 Store 
 Grow underground for 
 Form 
o Some stems are 
o Some stems can be 
o Stem growth:
 Primary growth 
 Secondary growth 
o Tree rings help 
 Heart wood 

Sapwood 

Tree rings are due to 
 In spring if water is plentiful 

In the following months when water becomes more limited 
 Most leaves share some similar structures:
o The blade is 
 Collects sunlight for 
 Connects to the stem by a 
o Mesophyll is between the 
o Guard cells surround each 
 Stomata open and close when 
 When stomata open 
 Stomata close at night and when the plant 
o Leaves may be 
o Leaf veins may be 
o Leaf margins may be 
 Most leaves are 
o There are 2 types of mesophyll cells:
 Palisade mesophyll 
 Spongy mesophyll 
 Both contain 
o Leaves have many 
 For 
 For 
 For 
 For 
 Plant life cycles alternate between 
o A two-phase life cycle is called 
 Haploid phase 
 Diploid phase 
 Alternates between the two
o The spore-producing plant is the 
 Sporophyte phase is 
 Begins with 
 The zygote divides by mitosis & grows into the 
 The mature sporophyte produces spores through 
o The gamete-producing plant is the 
 Gametophyte phase is 
 Begins with 
 The spore divides by mitosis and grows into the 
 The mature gametophyte produces gametes through 
 Life cycle phases look different among various plant groups
o Nonvascular plants have a 
 Moss gametophyte look like 
 Moss sporophytes shoot up as 
o Seedless vascular plants have a 
 Fern spores form in sacs 
 Fern gametophyte, 
 A zygote forms on the 
o Seed plants have a 
 Pine trees are 
 Female spores are produced in 
 Male spores are produced in 
 Male spores develop into 
 Female spores develop into 
 Sperm from pollen 
 Fertilized egg 
 Ovule develops into 
 Flowers contain reproductive organs 
o Sepals and petals are 
 Sepals are 
 Petals can help 
o A stamen is the 
 Anther produces pollen grains
 Filament supports the 
o The innermost layer of the flower is the 
 Stigma 
 Style is the 
 Ovary produces 
 Flowering plants can be pollinated by 
o Flowering plants are pollinated when 
o Wind pollinated flowers have 
o Animal pollinated plants have 
 Pollination occurs when animals feed 

Animal pollination is more efficient than 
 Fertilization takes place within the 
o Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the 
 Male spores produced in the anthers by 
 Each spore divides by 
 Two cells form a 
o One female gametophyte can form 
 Four female spores are produced in the ovules by 
 One spore develops into 
 One cell has 
 One cell will develop into an 
o Pollination occurs when 
 One cell from 
 Other cell forms 
o Flowering plants go through the process of 
 One sperm 
 The other sperm unites the polar nuclei 
 The endosperm provides 
o Each ovule becomes a 
 The surrounding ovary grows into a 
 Animals, wind, and water can 
o Seeds dispersed by animals can have 
o Seeds dispersed by wind can have 
 Seeds begin to grow when environmental conditions are 
o Seed dormancy is a 
 Dormancy may end when 
 While dormant 
o Germination begins the growth of an embryo into a 
 Water causes a seed to 
 Embryonic root (the radicle) 
 Water activates enzymes that 
 Embryonic shoot (the plumule) 
 Leaves emerge 
o Once photosynthesis begins the plant is called a 