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BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 13
How Populations Evolve
Modules 13.1 – 13.3
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Clown, Fool, or Simply Well Adapted?
• All organisms have evolutionary adaptations
– Inherited characteristics that enhance their
ability to survive and reproduce
• The blue-footed booby of the
Galápagos Islands has features
that help it succeed in its
environment
– Large, webbed feet help
propel the bird through
water at high speeds
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
– A streamlined shape, large tail, and nostrils that
close are useful for diving
– Specialized salt-secreting glands manage salt
intake while at sea
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
13.1 A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory
of evolution
• Aristotle and the Judeo-Christian culture
believed that species are fixed
• Fossils suggested that life forms change
– This idea was embraced by Lamarck in the early
1800s
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• While on the voyage of the HMS Beagle in the
1830s, Charles Darwin observed
– similarities between living and fossil organisms
– the diversity of life on the Galápagos Islands,
such as blue-footed boobies and giant tortoises
Figure 13.1A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The voyage of the Beagle
Great
Britain
Europe
North
America
Pacific
Ocean
Atlantic
Ocean
Africa
Galápagos
Islands
Equator
South
America
Australia
Cape of
Good Hope
Tasmania
Cape Horn
Tierra del Fuego
New
Zealand
Figure 13.1B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Darwin became convinced that the Earth was
old and continually changing
– He concluded that living things also change, or
evolve over generations
– He also stated that living species descended
from earlier life-forms: descent with
modification
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13.2 The study of fossils provides strong evidence
for evolution
• Fossils and the fossil record
strongly support the theory of
evolution
– Hominid skull
– Petrified trees
Figure 13.2A, B
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– Ammonite casts
– Fossilized organic
matter in a leaf
Figure 13.2C, D
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– Scorpion in amber
– “Ice Man”
Figure 13.2E, F
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The fossil record shows that
organisms have appeared in a
historical sequence
• Many fossils link
early extinct species
with species living
today
– These fossilized
hind leg bones link
living whales with
their land-dwelling
ancestors
Figure 13.2G, H
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13.3 A mass of evidence validates the evolutionary
view of life
• Other evidence for evolution comes from
– Biogeography
– Comparative
anatomy
– Comparative
embryology
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat
Figure 13.3A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
– Molecular biology
Human
Rhesus monkey
Last common
ancestor lived
26 million years
ago (MYA),
based on
fossil evidence
Mouse
Chicken
Frog
Lamprey
80 MYA
275 MYA
330 MYA
450 MYA
Figure 13.3B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings