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TCP/IP
Internetworking
Lesson 1:
The Internet
Infrastructure
Objectives




Define “internetwork” and explain its
importance in the data marketplace
Describe how TCP/IP can use existing
LANs and WANs as backbones for
interoperability
Relate internetworks to the concept of the
corporate enterprise network
Explain the Internet’s evolution
Objectives (cont’d)




Explain the nature, size and other
characteristics of the NSFnet
Define Internet-related organizations such
as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF
Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards
such as SNA, OSI and IPX/SPX
Identify key internetworking protocols and
explain the need for multiprotocol
networks
Overview of
Networking



Traditional networking
Internetworking
Internet versus intranet versus extranet
TCP/IP and
Interoperability


TCP/IP can allow different types of
networks to communicate with one another
TCP/IP allows an existing LAN and WAN to
operate with another
Internetworking and
the Corporate Network


Cross-platform
Vendor-neutral
Evolution of
the Internet



ARPANET
Test and research networks
Decentralization
Internet-related
Authorities




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
Internet Society (ISOC)
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
Internet Research Group (IRSG)
OSI
Reference Model
Packets


Cyclical Redundancy Check
Packet creation
- Adding headers
- Removing headers
OSI/RM
Protocol Examples

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

Application-layer protocols
Transport-layer protocols
Network-layer protocols
Data link-layer protocols
Major
Networking Protocols






TCP/IP
IPX/SPX
NetBEUI
AppleTalk
Data Link Control (DLC)
Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
Stateful
vs. Stateless


Stateful  connection-oriented
Stateless  connectionless
TCP/IP

Default protocol for
- Windows NT 4.0
- Windows 2000
- UNIX
- NetWare 5
IPX/SPX



Advantages
Disadvantages
Novell NetWare layers
Multiprotocol
Networks


These networks combine routable and
nonroutable protocols
Multiple protocols can increase time to
troubleshoot and maintain network
Summary
 Define “internetwork” and explain its
importance in the data marketplace
 Describe how TCP/IP can use existing
LANs and WANs as backbones for
interoperability
 Relate internetworks to the concept of the
corporate enterprise network
 Explain the Internet’s evolution
Summary (cont’d)
 Explain the nature, size and other
characteristics of the NSFnet
 Define Internet-related organizations such
as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF
 Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards
such as SNA, OSI and IPX/SPX
 Identify key internetworking protocols and
explain the need for multiprotocol
networks
Lesson 2:
TCP/IP
Architecture
Objectives





Describe the Internet architecture model
Explain the purpose and operational
essentials of TCP/IP
Describe various Internet protocols
Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation
Find RFCs and download them from the
Internet
Overview
of TCP/IP



Vendor-neutral
Used more widely than anticipated
Powers the Internet
Internet
Architecture
OSI Reference Model
Internet Architecture Equivalent
Application
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Internet
Data Link
Network Access
Physical
Requests for
Comments (RFCs)



Protocol states
Internet Standards (STDs)
Reference RFCs
Internet
Protocols
HTTP
SMTP
FTP
Telnet
TFTP
Gopher
SNMP
DNS
BOOTP
DHCP
Application Layer
TCP
UDP
Transport Layer
ICMP
IGMP
IP
ARP
RARP
Internet Layer
Media
Network Access Layer
De-multiplexing
Telnet
FTP
TFTP
TCP
SNMP
UDP
IGMP
ICMP
IP
RARP
ARP
ETHERNET
Specialized Serial
Interface Protocols



PPP
- RFC 1661, STD 51
Multilink PPP
- RFC 1990
SLIP
- RFC 1055, STD 47
Summary
 Describe the Internet architecture model
 Explain the purpose and operational
essentials of TCP/IP
 Describe various Internet protocols
 Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation
 Find RFCs and download them from the
Internet
Lesson 3:
Internet
Addressing
Objectives



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
Explain IP addressing
Define IP address classes
Determine reserved IP addressing
Explain the use of private addresses in
intranet design
Design a TCP/IP network and calculate
subnetwork addresses
Develop IP addressing schemes for use in
an intranet
Internet
Addressing


Internet addresses are divided into the
following parts
- Network
- Host
Four fields separated by periods are a
common notation for specifying addresses
- field1.field2.field3.field4
IP
Address Fields


Contain 8 bits per field
Range from 0 to 255 decimal
field1.field2.field3.field4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
8
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
=
255
1 = On
0 = Off
Internet
Address Classes

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
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
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
IP
Addressing Rules
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Broadcast addresses
Network addresses
Special-case source addresses
Loopback address
Reserved
IP Addressing

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10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
Subnetworks



Performance
Manageability
Logical groups
Subnet Masks


Distinguish the network and host portions
of an IP address
Specify whether a destination address is
local or remote
Custom
Subnet Masks

Steps for determining custom subnet
masks
- Determine the number of subnets
needed
- Determine the number of bits to borrow
from the host portion
- Determine the subnet mask
Custom
Subnet Masks (cont’d)

Steps for determining custom subnet
masks (cont’d)
- Determine the maximum number of
hosts per subnetwork
- Determine the subnetwork addresses
for each subnet
- Determine the address ranges for each
subnetwork
Classless
Interdomain Routing


Technique to conserve IP addresses
Also called supernetting
Summary
 Explain IP addressing
 Define IP address classes
 Determine reserved IP addressing
 Explain the use of private addresses in
intranet design
 Design a TCP/IP network and calculate
subnetwork addresses
 Develop IP addressing schemes for use in
an intranet
Lesson 4:
Network
Access Layer
Objectives

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
Identify the IEEE LAN standards
Install and test protocol analyzer software
Analyze ethernet packets and identify key
components
Identify fields in the ARP header
Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to
Internet addresses
Explain the function of RARP
IEEE Standards
and Ethernet

Ethernet is a predecessor to the IEEE
802.2/802.3 standard, and can be defined
as a broadcast system for communication
between systems
Ethernet
Function

Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)
Determining
Ethernet Addresses



Linux
Windows 2000
Windows 95/98/Me
Ethernet
Headers
Destination
Hardware
Address
Source
Hardware
Address
Type
Data
CRC
Address
Resolution Protocol
IP address (32-bit)
Ethernet address (48-bit)
Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol

Used by diskless systems to find out their
Internet addresses on the network
Summary
 Identify the IEEE LAN standards
 Install and test protocol analyzer software
 Analyze ethernet packets and identify key
components
 Identify fields in the ARP header
 Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to
Internet addresses
 Explain the function of RARP
Lesson 5:
Internet Layer
Objectives
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
Describe the functions of the Internet layer
Describe the routing function and how it
relates to the Internet layer
Identify the IP header fields and their
purpose
Examine IP packets using a protocol
analyzer, and identify key components
IP and
Routing

IP
-

Connectionless
Not necessarily reliable
Routing
- One of the most important IP functions
- Determines the path that packets travel
across networks
IP Header
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Version
Header length
Service
Datagram length
Datagram ID number
Flags
Fragment offset

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
Time To Live
Protocol
Header checksum
Source address
Destination
address
Options
Summary
 Describe the functions of the Internet layer
 Describe the routing function and how it
relates to the Internet layer
 Identify the IP header fields and their
purpose
 Examine IP packets using a protocol
analyzer, and identify key components
Lesson 6:
Transport Layer
Objectives




Define the functions of the transport layer
Identify the TCP header fields and explain
their purpose
Explain the TCP negotiation process
Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a
protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a
session establishment and termination
Objectives (cont’d)



Identify the UDP header fields and explain
their purpose
Decode and analyze UDP headers
Describe TCP/UDP ports, including wellknown and registered port numbers
Transport Layer
Protocols


Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Transmission Control
Protocol

Provides a byte-stream service
- Connection-oriented
- Reliable
TCP Header
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Source port
Destination port
Sequence number
Acknowledgment
number
Header length
Reserved
Flags
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Window
Checksum
Urgent pointer
Option type
Option length
Maximum segment
size
TCP Negotiation
Process
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
SYN
FIN
ACK
Establishing a
TCP Connection
Active Open: SYN flag, ISN, and desired port number.
Passive Open: SYN flag, ISN, and ACK.
ACK.
Terminating a
TCP Connection
Active close: FIN flag, stops server to client data flow.
ACK.
Passive close: FIN flag, stops client to server data flow.
ACK.
User Datagram
Protocol


Provides a simple datagram form of
communication at the transport layer
Differs from TCP in that it does not provide
congestion control, use acknowledgments,
retransmit lost datagrams, or guarantee
reliability
TCP and
UDP Ports

Port assignments in the Internet domain
Port Number Range
Description
1 to 1023
Well-known/reserved port
numbers
1024 to 65535
Registered port numbers
Summary
 Define the functions of the transport layer
 Identify the TCP header fields and explain
their purpose
 Explain the TCP negotiation process
 Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a
protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a
session establishment and termination
Summary (cont’d)
 Identify the UDP header fields and explain
their purpose
 Decode and analyze UDP headers
 Describe TCP/UDP ports, including wellknown and registered port numbers
Lesson 7:
Domain
Name System
Objectives



Define and configure hosts files
Explain the DNS and its evolution
Define the DNS architecture, and diagram
the relationships among DNS root servers,
master servers and client systems
Objectives (cont’d)



Identify DNS records and list the record
types
Install and configure a DNS server and
client
Describe the relationships among UNIX,
Windows and DNS
DNS

DNS consists of three levels
- Root
- Top
ROOT
- Second
TOP
Second
Second
DNS
Components
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
Name server
Name resolver
The
Hosts File

Simple text file referenced locally by
applications and commands for name-toaddress resolution
DNS
Server Types

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Root server
Primary or master server
Secondary or slave server
Caching and caching-only server
Forwarding server
DNS
Records
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Internet (IN)
Name Server (NS)
Start of Authority (SOA)
Address (A)
Canonical Name (CNAME)
Mail Exchanger (MX)
Pointer (PTR)
UNIX
and DNS
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named.ca
named.local
domain_name.hosts
rev.domain_name.hosts
named.boot (BIND version 4)
Named.conf (BIND version 8)
resolv.conf
Windows
2000 and DNS

Dynamic DNS (DDNS)
Summary
 Define and configure hosts files
 Explain the DNS and its evolution
 Define the DNS architecture, and diagram
the relationship among DNS root servers,
master servers and client systems
Summary (cont’d)
 Identify DNS records and list the record
types
 Install and configure a DNS server and
client
 Describe the relationships among UNIX,
Windows and DNS
Lesson 8:
Address and Parameter
Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts
Objectives

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


Define the function and roles of the BOOTP
server and client
Define the function and roles of the DHCP
server and client
Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP
Explain the difference between dynamic
and manual address allocation
Install and configure a DHCP server and
client
BOOTstrap
Protocol (BOOTP)


Provides a means for diskless
workstations to determine IP addresses
and parameters
Created as an alternative to RARP
Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol


Designed to assign Internet configuration
information dynamically on TCP/IP
networks
Can traverse routers (providing the router
is DHCP-enabled)
DHCP
Initialization Process
Discover
Offer
Request
Acknowledgment
Summary
 Define the function and roles of the BOOTP
server and client
 Define the function and roles of the DHCP
server and client
 Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP
 Explain the difference between dynamic
and manual address allocation
 Install and configure a DHCP server and
client
TCP/IP
Internetworking
 The Internet Infrastructure
 TCP/IP Architecture
 Internet Addressing
 Network Access Layer
 Internet Layer
 Transport Layer
 Domain Name System
 Address and Parameter Allocation for
TCP/IP Hosts