Download 252Fall2004

Noise
Source
Channel
Message
Context
Feedback
Model of the Communication Process
Receiver
Six Types of
Human Communication
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Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Small Group
Public Speaking
Mass
Mediated
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One person
Two people
Three to ?
One to many
One to many
One to one/group
Interpersonal
axioms
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Grounded in theory and research
One cannot NOT communicate
Irreversible
Interdependant
Content and Relational
Continuous (past, present, future)
Need not be face to face
Interpersonal
Axioms
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Transactional
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Prior to 1920s Linear
After, Interactional
More realistic is transactional
Culture
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A group’s specialized values, beliefs,
artifacts, ways of behaving and
communicating passed through
communication, not genetics
Learning Cultures
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Enculturation learning the culture into which you were
born (through parents, peers, schools, religion,
government, media, internet, etc.)
Acculturation learning a culture different from your
native culture (mutual influence occurs)
Ethnocentrism the belief one’s culture is superior to that
of other’s cultures
Stereotypes a fixed impression of a person or group of
people based mainly on physical characteristics
Communication Styles
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Low Context
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majority of information
carried in explicit verbal
messages, with less
focus on the situational
context.
Self-expression valued.
Communicators state
opinions and desires
directly and strive to
persuade others to
accept their own
viewpoint.
Clear, eloquent speech
considered praiseworthy.
Verbal fluency admired.
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High Context
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Important information
carried in contextual cues
time, place relationship,
situation. Less reliance
on explicit verbal
messages.
Communicators abstain
from saying “no” directly
Communicators talk
“around” the point
allowing others to fill in
the missing pieces.
Ambiguity and use of
silence is admired.
Individualistic and Collectivist
Cultures
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Individualistic Cultures
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Self is separate, unique
individual; independent,
self-sufficient.
Individual take care of
themselves/family
many flexible group
memberships; friends
based on shared interests
& activities.
Reward individual
achievement & initiative;
individual decision
encouraged, credit/
blame assigned
individually
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Collectivist Cultures
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People belong to
extended families; “we”
or group orientation.
Cares for extended family
before self.
Emphasis on belonging
to a very few permanent
in-groups with strong
influence over person.
Rewards contribution to
group goals & well-being;
cooperation with ingroup members; group
decisions valued; credit/
blame shared.
Perception Process
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Select
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Factors
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Organize
Identify
 Classify
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Infer/interpret
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Physical
characteristics
Education
Religion
Media
Communication and the Self
Self Concept
A relatively stable set of perceptions
one holds about oneself.
Different Aspects of
Self Concept
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Self-esteem
Self-awareness
Self-actualization
Ideal Self
Real Self
Reflected Appraisal
Social Comparison
Self-Disclosure
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Revealing information about one’s self to others
that they could not know otherwise.
Factors influencing:
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Time of
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Topic
Relationship
Valence
Reasons for Self-Awareness
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Self-awareness is imperative to maintain
because it directly affects personal and
professional development
Those that feel socially excluded try to
dodge self awareness by not looking into a
mirror.
(Gail Williams)
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(Jean M. Twenge; Kathleen R. Catanese; Roy F. Baumeister.)
Increase Your Self-Awareness
1. Who am I? test
Who am I?
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Developed by Bugental and Zelen
I am…(15-20 times)
 Strengths
 Weaknesses
1. Tall
1. Skinny
2. Funny
2. stubborn
3. Athletic
3. Broken hand
Self Improvement Goals
Increase Your Self-Awareness
1. Who am I? test
2. Listen to Others
3. Seek Information
Listen to Others
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Listen & Learn from feedback
“Those struggling to define themselves crave others' feedback to help
enhance their self-awareness, whereas those with a strong identity
rely less on feedback: They can reinterpret, reject or accept
information based on their own coherent sense of self." (Le Tourneau )
Seek Information
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Actively engage in asking about what
others think…in moderation
Increase Your Self-Awareness
1. Who am I? test
2. Listen to Others
3. Seek Information
4. Realize your Self dimensions
5. Try to expand your Open Self
Increase Open Self
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Self disclosure
Blind and Hidden self will reduce, resulting
in overall better communication.
The Johari Window
http://www.augsburg.edu/education/edc210/images/overall.jpeg
Model representing self, developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham
Self-Esteem
How much do you like yourself ?
How much would you say you are worth?
How capable do you think you are ?
Self-Esteem is . . .
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Your self evaluation
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The value you place
on yourself
Strategies to Build Self-Esteem
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Attack you Self-Destructive Beliefs
Engage in Self-Affirmation
Seek Out Nourishing People
Work on Goals That Will Result in Success
Self-Destructive Beliefs
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Beliefs that damage your
self-esteem and prevent
you from forming positive
relationships.
Steps towards elimination:
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Recognize your
internalized selfdestructive beliefs
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Realize that these beliefs
are unrealistic and selfdefeating (Ellis)
Self-Affirmation
Remind yourself that you have succeeded
(Aronson, Cohen, and Nail 1998)
Examples of self-affirming phrases:
I can live a nurturing, exciting, and creative life.
I can accept imperfection.
My world is safe and friendly.
(From Gathering Through Insight and Love by Keyes)
Seek Out Nourishing People
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Noxious people offer
negative criticism
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Nourishing people are
positive and optimistic
(Rogers)
Success Will Build Self-Esteem
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CHALLENGE
YOURSELF with
goals that will result
in success
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Failure does not
mean you are a
failure. Failure is a
learning experience
you can grow from.
Benefits of High Self-Esteem
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better performance
more likely to succeed
will develop lasting and
meaningful
relationships
learn from mistakes
build solid foundations
(Devito)
Listening
Nonverbal
Communication
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Kinesics
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Emblems
Illustrators
Regulators
Adaptors
Affect displays
Proxemics
Chronemics
Haptics
Nonverbal
Communication
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Silence
Clothing
Jewelry
Body adornments
Eye contact
Color
Artifacts
Paralanguage
Nonverbal Communication
What is nonverbal
communication?
Nonverbal Communication
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Communication
without words;
communication by
means of space,
gestures, facial
expressions, touching,
vocal variation, and
silence for example
(DeVito)
Why do we have nonverbal
communication?