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Midterm Review
of Units 1 through 4
 Primary
 What
function of blood is?
are the characteristics of blood
plasma?
 Formed
elements of blood include:
• RBC (erythrocytes)– transport oxygen to all
body cells and also transport carbon dioxide
away from all body cells.
• WBC (lymphocytes) – defend the body from
pathogens that have invaded the tissues or
bloodstream.
 Types of WBC and their function?
• Platelets (thrombocytes) – blood cells that
initiate blood clot formation
 What
is anemia?
• Define the types of anemia
 Iron deficiency
 Pernicious
 Sickle cell
 Hemorrhagic
 Aplastic
 Blood
clotting
• Chain reaction
 Blood
types
• ABO
• Rh factor
 Mrs. Wilson
is brought into the ER after a
car accident. A major artery in her leg
has been damaged and she had lost an
undetermined amount of blood before
EMTs arrived and were able to stop the
bleeding.
• What dangers is Mrs. Wilson facing?
• How might she be treated?
Questions?
 Basic
structure and anatomy of the heart
• In thoracic cavity
• Apex
• Septum – right and left sides
• Atria – smaller upper chambers – receive
• Ventricles – larger lower chambers – pump
• 4 valves
 AV valves (separate atria from ventricles)
 Semilunar valves (between ventricles)
 Blood flow through the heart
• Remember 1 way street!!!
• Heart receives blood from vena cava
• Right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood
• Pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right
ventricle
• Pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into
the pulmonary artery and eventually to the lungs for
gas exchange
• Left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood; passes
through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle where it
is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve and
into the aorta for distribution to the body
 Cardiac
Cycle
• What happens during?
• Cardiac output – dependent upon stroke volume
and the heartbeat
 Blood
pressure
• Highest in arteries; Lowest in veins – Why?
 Mrs. Haas
comes to your office for her
annual checkup, and you note that her
blood pressure is very low. She tells you
that her blood pressure has always been
a bit low, and that she has been told that
low pressure is actually a good thing.
What should you tell her?
Questions?
 Function
of:
• Lymphatic system?
• Immune system?
 Primary
structures
 Types
of immunity
• Nonspecific
 General protection by skin, mucous membranes, and
tears
 Phagocytosis (“Pac Man”)
 “Innate immunity”
• Specific
 Aimed at specific types of pathogens
 Artificial or natural
 Active or passive
 Antibodies
• Help produce humoral immunity
• Promote and enhance phagocytosis
 Antigens
• Foreign invaders
 B cells
• Development occurs in the bone marrow
• Produces humoral immunity by secreting antibodies
into the blood
 T cells
• Developed from bone marrow and is completed in
the thymus.
• Designed for one specific kind of antigen
 When/if it comes into contact with that antigen, T cells
become sensitized
• Produces cell-mediated immunity
 Outline
 Why
the inflammatory response.
is this necessary and explain its
advantage in an infection?
Questions?
 Functions?
• Air distributor
• Gas exchange
• Filters/warms/humidifies the air we breathe
 Structures
• URT – nose, pharynx, larynx
• LRT – trachea, bronchi (bronchioles and alveoli),
lungs
 Internal
vs. external respiration
• Internal is the exchange of gases
 O2 moves out of the blood thru capillary walls and
into the interstitial fluid and into each cell
 CO2 moves out of the cell and into the blood before
being transported to the lungs for removal
• External is the series of steps that occurs which
changes air pressure in the chest cavity
 Allows for inspiration and expiration of air into and
out of the lungs
 Pulmonary
ventilation
• 500 mL – each normal breath; also known as tidal
volume (TV)
• Vital capacity (VC) – largest amount to breathe
in and out (normal 4800 mL)
• VC = TV + inspiratory reserve volume +
expiratory reserve volume
• Residual volume – what’s left over
 What
happens when a person takes in a
breath of air? Start with the moment
before inspiration actually occurs and
describe the path air takes and the
structures through which it flows.
Questions?