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#04: CELLS, SYNAPSES & CIRCUITS behavior analysis in a natural environment in the laboratory cells, synapses & circuits basic properties of nerve cells synaptic transmission neuronal architecture & behavior relating nerve cells to behavior #04: CELLS, SYNAPSES & CIRCUITS behavior analysis in a natural environment in the laboratory cells, synapses & circuits basic properties of nerve cells synaptic transmission neuronal architecture & behavior relating nerve cells to behavior #04: CELLS, SYNAPSES & CIRCUITS behavior analysis in a natural environment in the laboratory cells, synapses & circuits basic properties of nerve cells synaptic transmission neuronal architecture & behavior relating nerve cells to behavior NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR behavior circuits of interacting neurons, 3 types: SENSORY INPUT CENTRAL PROCESSING MOTOR OUTPUT BEHAVIOR NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR behavior circuits of interacting neurons, 3 types: sensory neurons... signal input specialized receptor cells convert features of environment neural signals interneurons... central processing motor neurons... motor output (behavior) drive muscle activity @ neuromuscular junction NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR electrical recordings: electrode type position ~ cells extracellular V, intracellular mV, advantages & p.24, fig.1.10 NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR extracellular electrode motor neurons “unit” activity (>1) ~ current flow in extracellular space p.24, fig.1.10 NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR intracellular electrode single motor neuron p.24, fig.1.10 NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR extracellular electrode records propagation of action potentials along axons p.24, fig.1.10 NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR intracellular electrode muscle fiber EJPs signals... motor neuron others p.24, fig.1.10 NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR extracellular electrode electromyogram (EMG) whole muscle activity p.24, fig.1.10 NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR behavior circuits... simple ones (in mammals) e.g., human knee jerk reflex... tap knee below patella stretches receptors in quads (muscle spindles) activates sensory neurons (Ia) synapse motor neurons () contraction of quads p.25, fig.1.11 NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR behavior circuits... simple ones (in mammals) e.g., human knee jerk reflex... simple ? sensory-motor ? monosynaptic ? no, other neurons involved p.25, fig.1.11 NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR circuit complexity e.g., primate visual cortex boxes = assemblies of 103 s of neurons 106 s of synapses 2 main pathways V1 PG... object location V1 TE... visual form p.25, fig.1.11 NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR circuit complexity e.g., primate visual cortex Q: how to study cellular properties of neurons among such complexity ? A: chose: accessible behavior in model organism providing special advantages p.25, fig.1.11 NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR advantages & disadvantages interesting... it is ALL interesting (not only ~ humans) maintenance, availability & access to sufficient #s model system... biology & tools available behavior anatomy / physiology cell biology pharmacology NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR advantages & disadvantages e.g., C. elegans (nematode) + cheap, maintenance, sample sizes, simple behavior, simple anatomy, small simple & wellcharacterized nervous system, development & cell biology, genetic & pharmacological tools good – boring behavior, few properties of neuronal assemblies or structures, small neurons (electrophysiology difficult but accessible) NEURONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOR advantages & disadvantages e.g., H. sapiens (humans) + interesting behavior, need to knowing how we function (medical), sequenced genome, ~ easy research funding arguments – prohibitively complex in every respect, moral issues for invasive & experimental study, expensive, inconvenient & uncooperative subjects #04: CELLS, SYNAPSES & CIRCUITS behavior analysis in a natural environment in the laboratory cells, synapses & circuits basic properties of nerve cells synaptic transmission neuronal architecture & behavior relating nerve cells to behavior RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR investigating how neurons behavior e.g., crayfish response to tail tactile stimulus p.27, fig.1.12 record lateral giant interneuron (LGI) correlation (A): always stimulus behavior ?... RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR investigating how neurons behavior e.g., crayfish response to tail tactile stimulus p.27, fig.1.12 record lateral giant interneuron (LGI) correlation (A): always stimulus behavior ?... sufficient (B): trigger LGI alone response ?... RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR investigating how neurons behavior e.g., crayfish response to tail tactile stimulus p.27, fig.1.12 record lateral giant interneuron (LGI) correlation (A): always stimulus behavior ?... sufficient (B): trigger LGI alone response ?... RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR investigating how neurons behavior e.g., crayfish response to tail tactile stimulus record lateral giant interneuron (LGI) correlation (A): always stimulus behavior ?... sufficient (B): trigger LGI alone response ?... necessary (C): shut off LGI no response ?... RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR investigating how synapses behavior e.g., Drosophila escape response (mutants, pharmacological agents) inject current across brain RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR investigating how synapses behavior e.g., Drosophila escape response (mutants, pharmacological agents) inject current across brain measure speed of transmission in down-stream motor neurons chemical synapses: slow RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR investigating how synapses behavior e.g., Drosophila escape response (mutants, pharmacological agents) inject current across brain measure speed of transmission in down-stream motor neurons chemical synapses: slow electrical synapses: fast (middle leg) escape behavior RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR investigating how restricted neural networks behavior e.g., lobster ingestion food esophagus 3 chamber stomach: cardiac sac gastric mill pylorus RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR investigating how restricted neural networks behavior e.g., lobster ingestion food esophagus 3 chamber stomach: cardiac sac pylorus (A) rhythmic gastric mill (C) } p.28, fig.1.13 RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR investigating how restricted neural networks behavior e.g., lobster ingestion stomatogastric ganglia (STG) rhythm all 30 neurons known circuits mapped (B,D) functions in isolated preparations (A,C) p.28, fig.1.13 RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR neural control behavior in complex organism e.g., selective attention in monkeys (stimulus choice) unit recordings in cortex cellular response to peripheral light (A) p.30, fig.1.14 RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR neural control behavior in complex organism e.g., selective attention in monkeys (stimulus choice) unit recordings in cortex cellular response to peripheral light (A) response > if animal pays attention (B) p.30, fig.1.14 RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR neural control behavior in complex organism e.g., selective attention in monkeys (stimulus choice) unit recordings in cortex cellular response to peripheral light (A) response > if animal pays attention (B) response >> if animal p.30, fig.1.14 RELATING NERVE CELLS TO BEHAVIOR neural control behavior in complex organism e.g., selective attention in monkeys (stimulus choice) visual system response due to ~ stimulus other neural systems ~ attention (& ~ activity ?) gain some understanding of mechanism, even at this simple level of analysis #04: CELLS, SYNAPSES & CIRCUITS behavior analysis in a natural environment in the laboratory cells, synapses & circuits basic properties of nerve cells synaptic transmission neuronal architecture & behavior relating nerve cells to behavior SUMMARY: INTRODUCTION & TERMS behavior... examples discussed: field studies ethology ethograms FAP, SS, IRM, releasers, interlocking releasers laboratory studies associative learning classical / Pavlovian conditioning, US, CS, UR, CR operant/instrumental conditioning SUMMARY: INTRODUCTION & TERMS nervous system neurons channels, resting potentials, action potentials synapses chemical, electrical, EPSPs, IPSPs plasticity, synaptic depression & potentiation, presynaptic inhibition & facilitation circuits sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons recording neural activity SUMMARY: INTRODUCTION & TERMS relating nerve cells to behavior neurons behavior crayfish tail flip response synapses behavior Drosophila escape response restricted circuits behavior lobster digestion whole organism behavior monkey selective attention SUMMARY: WE HAVE NOT DISCUSSED… nervous system development and plasticity… neurogenesis, apoptosis and necrosis growth cell adhesion and axon pathfinding formation, maintenance and plasticity of synapses organogenesis general brain and nervous system anatomy… humans other vertebrates invertebrates SUMMARY: WE HAVE NOT DISCUSSED… brains are not merely composed of neurons… glia… oligodendrocytes* and astrocytes (CNS) Schwann cells (PNS)* form myelin sheath (vertebrates) neuron cell structure… general categories… microfilaments, neurofilaments and microtubules axon transport structure and functional details at synapses ion channel anatomy SUMMARY: WE HAVE NOT DISCUSSED… details about signals transmission… action potentials frequency coding signal propagation myelin function “types” of signalling silent, beating, bursting effects of sustained neural stimulation changing neuron properties SUMMARY: WE HAVE NOT DISCUSSED… measuring currents and channels… electrophysiology… criteria for ion channel activities conductance, selectivity, gating, pharmacology activation, inactivation whole cell voltage clamp patch (voltage) clamp ion channel molecular biology and manipulation maintenance of ion concentration gradients SUMMARY: WE HAVE NOT DISCUSSED… intercellular communication… gap junctions and neurosecretion neurotransmitter release transmitters and hormones receptors and transduction mechanisms neuromoduation
