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Types of Learning
 Habituation: simple type: progressive decrease in
response.
 Classical conditioning: classic S-R connective
associations.
 Operant conditioning: associations between
response and reinforcement.
 Observational learning: see and (may) do;
Reinforcement secondary to learning.
Learning
Alteration in
behavior/understanding
as result of an
encountered
experience.
 Excludes effects due
to factors such as
fatigue, drugs,
maturation, disease,
injury.
Habituation
 Is a decrease in R (response) to a
stimulus that is repeatedly presented.
 A two step process:
 Orienting response— attention is
directed toward the object.
 Habituate— a decrease in the orienting
response.
Classical (Pavlovian)
Conditioning
 Basic-- Unconditioned Response (reflex).
 UCS-- unconditioned stimulus (natural).
 UCR-- unconditioned response (elicited)
by UCS).
 UCS---------------->UCR.
Classical Conditioning
 Conditioned Response-- pair a “neutral”
stimulus with UCS.
 CS + UCS UCR
 Repeat pairing n times.
 CSCR
 It is now a learned response.
Associated Phenomena
(Applies to Operant Conditioning As Well)
 Extinction
 Stimulus Generalization
 Stimulus Discrimination:
additional learning
 Spontaneous Recovery
Arrangement Effects
Acquisition
 Delayed:
UCS------------------>UCR
CS----------------------- Trace:
UCS
---------->UCR
CS------ Simultaneous: UCS------------------>UCR
CS ----------------- Backward
UCS-----CS
---------->UCR
Operant Conditioning
 First identified by Thorndike in law of effect- responses which produce satisfying
results strengthen stimulus-response (SR) connections.
 Puzzle box-- cats.
Operant Conditioning
 B.F. Skinner
 Skinner Box
 Operant-- an emitted response
R
S(box)
R-----> reinforcer
R
 repeat n times
 S-------->R (learned behavior)
Reinforcement--
a Stimulus Which
Increases Probability of Response
 Constant/continuous:be
havior reinforced for
every “correct”
response
 Partial/intermittent:
 Variation in
reinforcement for each
“correct” response
 Leads to rapid
acquisition
 Leads to increased
resistance to
extinction
Partial/Intermittent
 Ratio-- based on
number of
responses
 Interval- based on
time between
responses
 Ratio or interval:
either schedule can
be fixed or variable
 Fixed-- constant
pattern
 Variable-- irregular
pattern
Reinforcement: behavior is
determined by its consequences
 Positive reinforcement:
 when added (by that
R), strengthens
occurrence of R.
 Negative
reinforcement:
 when removed (by
that R), strengthens
the occurrence of R
Both have effect of
increasing occurrence of
R
 Positive:
 Negative:
 Praise
 Money
 Tokens (token
economy)
 candy/food
 Withdrawal of
shock
nagging
anxiety
Punishment
 -- Elimination of R (outcome of R is
unfavorable).
 Transient effect.
 Produces anxiety, stress, dislike of
punishing.
 Effects less predictable.
Reinforcement vs. Punishment



1.
2.
Reinforcement: acquisition.
Punishment: elimination.
The behavior results in:
Positive: add or introduce element.
Negative: element is withdrawn.
Reinforcement vs. Punishment




+ Reinforcement = behavior produces ST desirable.
+ Punishment = behavior produces ST undesirable.
- Reinforcement = behavior produces ST desirable.
- Punishment = behavior produces ST undesirable.
Reinforcement vs. Punishment
 Positive:
Rein = increased probability acquisition.
Pun = decreased probability of repetition.
 Negative:
Rein = increased probability acquisition.
Pun = decreased probability of repetition.
Observational Learning
 Model (acting) + observer = learned R.
 Occurs w/o reinforcement.
Reinforcement may facilitate
performance (not learning).
 Bobo doll: aggressive behavior.
 Some watched, others did not; Later
were frustrated in same room.
Observational Learning
 Results:
 Similar, but 3 IV conditions
live model
filmed model
cartoon model
 DVs: amount aggressive behavior; specificity of R
Processes
 Attention
 Retention
 Motor reproduction
 Motivation
Reciprocal Determinism
 Interaction cause-effect model of
behavior
 P (beliefs, motives, disposition)
 E (rewards, structure)
 B (behavior of P)
 Each interact with the other to produce
behavior