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Chapter 30
Revolution &
Nationalism
1900 – 1939
Examining the Issues
 What situations might provoke some people to
take violent steps to achieve change?
 What strengths would a person need to remain
nonviolent in the face of violent attacks?
 How might armed and powerful opponents
respond to groups committed to nonviolent
action?
 Which strategy, violence or nonviolence, would
prove more successful and bring more long
lasting consequences? Why?
Revolution is Coming
 Russian Leaders cruel,
oppressive rule cause
many decades of
social unrest leading to
the Russian Revolution
in 1917.
 In 1881,
revolutionaries
assassinated the Czar,
Alexander II.
Alexander III upholds the Autocracy
in Russia.
• Alexander III was
determined to strengthen
“autocracy, orthodoxy,
and nationality.”
• Alexander III was
determined to wipe out
revolutionaries.
• He followed a policy of
Justification (forcing the
Russian culture on all
peoples in the Russian
empire)
Alexander III upholds the
Autocracy in Russia.
 Anyone opposed to
Alex III was sent to
Siberia.
 Jews especially felt
his wrath.
 Pogroms –
organized violence
against Jews was
widespread.
Nicholas II Resists Change
(1894)
 Alexander's son Nicholas II
tried to continue the past
while ignoring the future.
 Nicholas refused to surrender
any of his power (changing of
times).
 Russia launches a program
to build up heavy industries,
particularly steel.
 By 1900, Russia became the
4th ranking producer of steel.
Life under Nicholas II
 Foreign Finance Minister Sergey Witte boosted
the growth of the steel industry and saw the
completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
 It connected European Russia in the west with
Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean.
The Revolutionary Movement
Grows
 Industrialization has benefits, but also has
disadvantages. What are some negative
results of industrialization?
 Grueling working conditions
 Miserably low wages
 Child Labor
 The gap between the rich and poor was
enormous.
 Poor living conditions stirred the revolutionary
movement within Russia.
The Revolutionary Movement
Grows
 These
revolutionaries
followed the views
of Karl Marx (a
19th Century
German
philosopher)
 He is the author of
the Communist
Manifesto.
The Revolutionary Movement
Grows
The Revolutionary Movement
Grows
 Marx argued that the workers of the
world would one day overthrow the
ruling class and share equally in
society’s wealth.
 Therefore, the workers would rule.
 1903, the Russian Marxists split into 2
groups, the Mensheviks or “minority” &
the Bolsheviks or “majority” party.
Majority VS Minority
 Bolsheviks
 Actually not the

majority party.
 Ruthlessly pursued
power, using any
means necessary in
order to succeed.
 Violence is just fine 
 Mensheviks
Favored gradual,
peaceful change,
without the
violence or terror
advocated by the
Bolsheviks.
Wanted more
popular support.
The Revolutionary Movement
 The leader of the
Bolsheviks was
Vladimir Lenin.
 He was ruthless
leader who lived in
western Europe
during the czarist
regime to avoid
arrest.
Crisis at Home & Abroad
 Russia & Japan were at
odds over control of Korea
& Manchuria.
 Russia broke the
agreement over the two
territories & Japan
attacked the Russians.
(Russo-Japanese War)
 Humiliating defeat for the
Russians and did not help
to stomp the revolutionary
ideas.
Bloody SundayRevolution of 1905
 Jan. 22, 1905 – 200,000 workers & their families
approached the czar’s palace at St. Petersburg.
 They wanted better working conditions, more
freedoms, & an elected legislature.
 What they got was soldiers firing into the crowd &
many unarmed people were killed on what become
known as “Bloody Sunday”
 Lenin called the incident a “dress rehearsal.”
Bloody Sunday Response
 October 1905 Nicholas
reluctantly saw the
creation of the Duma =
Russia’s 1st
Parliament.
 Leaders wanted
Russia to become a
constitutional
monarchy similar to
Britain, but the Duma
never had any real
power
World War I: the final straw
 Russia was
unprepared to handle
the war’s costs.
 1 million soldiers died
in the 1st year.
 Czar Nicholas II
takes over the troops
himself & proves to
be inept.
The March Revolution
 Workers have had enough of the war & a riot
erupts due to bread & fuel shortage.
 Czar Nicholas II is forced from the throne &
eventually killed.
 3 centuries of Romanov rule was gone.
 The Duma establishes a provisional gov’t or a
temporary gov’t
The March Revolution
 Alexander Kerensky & the provincial gov’t decides
to continue fighting the war. Why would this
decision cost him the support of the Russian
people?
 Soviets – local councils of workers, peasants &
soldiers began to take control.
 The Germans actually help Lenin return to Russia
The Bolshevik Revolution
 Lenin’s slogan - “Peace, land & bread” was
gaining widespread appeal throughout Russia.
 November 1917, Bolshevik Red Guards
(armed factory workers) stormed the Winter
Palace and took over the provisional
government.
Communism
Marxism
Soviet
No state
State > individual
(totalitarianism)
Dictatorship of the
proletariat (workers)
Dictatorship of
communist party
No command economy
Workers produce &
share what they need
International = worldwide socialist revolution
Command economy
State makes all
economic decisions
USSR – dominant
political, economic &
military power
The Bolsheviks in Power
 All farmland be
distributed among the
peasants.
 Ended their involvement
in WWI with the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk, & lost a
great deal of territory.
 This triggered widespread
anger among many
Russians, and began to
object to Bolshevik
policies.
Civil War Rages in Russia
 The Red Army led by
revolutionary leader Leon
Trotsky helped to defeat
the White Army
(opponents to the
Bolsheviks).
 About 15 million
Russians died in the
three-year struggle and
famine followed.
 Russian economy was
left in ruins
Lenin Restores Order
 New Economic Policy
(NEP) – put his statecontrolled economy to the
side and allowed for small
version of capitalism.
 What is capitalism?
 Means of production
are owned mostly
privately, and any
surplus could be traded
for goods or profit in a
free market
Political Reforms
 1922, the country was named the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
 Moscow was the capital city
 Bolsheviks become the Communists.
 A constitution based on socialist and
democratic principals was created = Lenin and
the Bolsheviks obtained more power!
 Lenin died in 1924, before the economy
completely turned around = power struggle for
control of Russia!
Part 2 Totalitarianism
Stalinist
Russia
Stalin
Joseph “Vissarionovich
Dzhugashvili” Stalin Becomes
Dictator
 Totalitarianism describes a gov’t that takes total, centralized
state control of every aspect of life.
 -This goes against every aspect of Western
Society.
 -Chart on page 875
Totalitarianism
Stalin becomes Dictator
 Command economy – a
system which the
government made all
economic decisions.
 Stalin seizes control of
the economy and began
an Industrial and
Agricultural Revolution in
which 10 million people
were killed.
 It becomes known as his
5 -Year Plans.
Five Year Plans
Stalin’s Agricultural Revolution
 Collective Farmturned privately
owned farms into
government
owned farms.
 Kulaks – wealthy
peasants who
resisted Stalin.
Weapons of Totalitarianism
 Secret Police, Murder,Imprisonment
Weapons of Totalitarianism
 They used terror and violence to crush
opposition. (Secret Police)
 Great Purge (1934)-it eliminated anyone who
threatened Stalin’s power.
 Everyone was suspect.
 Ex. – Director of Moscow Zoo was arrested
because his monkeys got tuberculosis.
 Historians believe Stalin killed
8-13 million people.
The Purges
Propaganda
 It was instruction in the government sets of
beliefs.
 Socialist realism was an artistic style that
praised Soviet Life and Communist values.
 Censorship
 The gov’t controlled newspapers, motion
pictures, radio, and TV.
 Religious Persecution
 Communism overtook Religion (pp779)
Propaganda
Daily Life Under Stalin
 Women were very successful in careers such
as engineering, science, and were forced to
become mothers and housewives (patriotic
duty).
 Education
 Kids learned the virtues of the Communist
Party. Secret Police kept watchful eye on
both teachers and students.