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Anatomy 101- Bones
What do bones do?
• Protect vital organs
• Support the body
• Allow the body to move through muscle
and tendon attachment.
• Provide attachment points for ligaments
• Store important minerals such as calcium
• Produce red blood cells which transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from
tissues.
Types of Bones
• Flat bonesexamples are the
scapula (shoulder
blade) and
sternum (breast
bone)
Types of Bones
• Irregular bonesexamples are the
talus (ankle bone)
and the vertebrae
(spinal bones)
Types of Bones
• Long bonesexamples are the
femur (upper
thigh bone) and
the ulna (one of
the arm bones).
Types of Bones
• Short bonesexample are the
tarsals (small
bones of the
foot)
Types of Bones
• Sesamoid bonesan example
would be the
patella, where the
bone floats
around freely.
Group Activity
• On a sheet of paper, list as
many bones as you can think of
in the human body.
• Take a guess. How many bones
are there in the human skeleton?
Bone Trivia
• How many bones are there in a human adult
skeleton?
– 206
– More than half of the 206 bones are in the
hands and feet.
• How many bones are there in an infants
skeleton?
– 350
– Bones fuse together as you grow
Bones of the Skull
• The skull is made
up of 28 bones.
• 22 form the
framework for the
head and provide
protection for the
brain, eyes, and
ears.
Bones of the Skull
• Light Blue= Frontal
Bone (front)
• Pink= Parietal Bone
(upper sides)
• Orange= Temporal
Bone (lower sides)
• Green= Occipital
Bone (bottom)
Bones of the Face
• Purple=
mandible
(lower jaw
bone)
• Dark Blue =
maxilla (upper
jaw bone)
Spinal Column
• The spinal
column is made
up of the
cervical, thoracic,
and lumbar
vertebrae, and the
sacrum.
Cervical Vertebrae
• There are 7 cervical vertebrae labeled
C1-C7.
• C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) are responsible
for the head nodding “no”.
• C3-C7 are responsible for the head
nodding “yes”.
• C4 no more, C5 still alive- diaphram
Thoracic Vertebrae
• There are 12 thoracic vertebrae labeled
T1-T12.
• They increase in size as they move
down the spine (Ex: T1 and T2 are
smaller than T10 and T11).
• All thoracic vertebrae have facets
(small grooves) on the sides of their
bodies for attachment of the ribs.
Lumbar Vertebrae
• There are 5 lumbar vertebrae labeled
L1-L5.
• Lumbar vertebrae are most frequently
involved in back pain.
• They carry the most amount of body
weight.
• Are subject to the largest forces and
stresses along the spine.
Sacrum and Coccyx
• The sacrum is a
large triangular
bone at the base of
the spine.
• It connects to the
L5 vertebrae and
ends with the
coccyx (tailbone).
Sacrum and Coccyx
• The sacrum is
labeled S1.
• The coccyx
(tailbone) is the
final piece of the
vertebral column.
More Bone Trivia
• What is the longest bone in the body?
– Femur. It is almost one quarter of
the bodies total height.
• What is the smallest bone in the body?
– The stirrup deep inside the ear. It is
hardly larger than a grain of rice.
Sternum and Rib Cage
• The sternum
(breastbone) is a
long flat bone
located in the
center of the chest.
• The sternum is
connected to the
ribs with cartilage.
Sternum and Rib Cage
• The ribcage is made up of 12 ribs.
• The first 7 ribs are connected to the sternum
and are called true ribs.
• The 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs attach in front to
the cartilage portion of the next rib above,
and are called false ribs.
• The 11th and 12th ribs are not attached in
front and are called floating ribs.
The Shoulder Complex
• The shoulder
complex is made up
of the clavicle
(collar bone), the
scapula (shoulder
blade), and the
humerus (upper
arm bone)
Clavicle
• The clavicle (a.k.a.
collar bone) is a long
bone that makes up
part of the shoulder
girdle.
• This bone is clearly
visible through the
skin.
• The clavicle is the
easiest bone in the
body to break.
Scapula
• The scapula (a.k.a.
shoulder blade) is the
bone that connects the
humerus and the
clavicle.
• It is a flat bone and
triangular in shape.
Humerus
• The humerus is a
long bone in the
arm that runs from
the shoulder to the
elbow.
• Fits between the
scapula and the
ulna.
• Called funny bone
Forearm Bones
• The radius is one of
two bones in the
forearm.
• Extends on the lateral
side (outside or thumb
side) of the forearm
between the elbow and
wrist.
Forearm Bones
• The ulna is the
stronger and larger
of the two forearm
bones.
• Extends on the
medial side (inside
or pinky finger
side) of the forearm
between the elbow
and wrist.
Wrist and Hand Bones
• The 8 bones
that make up
the wrist are
called the
carpals.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Finger Bones
• The fingers
are made up
of 5
metacarpals
and 14
phalanges.
Pelvis (Hip Bone)
• The 3 bones of
the pelvis are the
illium, ischium,
pubis.
• The pelvis
provides the
socket for the hip
joint.
Bone Trivia
• What is the hardest bone in the
body to break?
–Femur. Usually broken in car
accidents or a fall from
somewhere high.
Thigh and Leg Bones
• The femur (thigh
bone) is the longest
and strongest bone
in the body.
• It forms part of the
hip and part of the
knee.
Patella
• The patella (knee
cap) is a thick
triangular shaped
seasamoid bone.
• It sits in front of the
femur and protects
the front of the
knee joint.
Tibia
• The tibia (or shin
bone) is the larger
of the two lower leg
bones.
• It is the second
longest bone in the
body.
• Extends between
the femur and the
ankle on the medial
side of the body.
Fibula
• The fibula extends
below the tibia to
the ankle on the
lateral side.
• It is the skinniest of
all long bones in
the body.
Foot Bones
• The tarsals are a
group of bones that
make up the top of the
foot.
Foot Bones
•
•
•
•
•
1= Calcaneus
2= Talus
3= Navicular
4=Medial Cuneiform
5= Intermediate
Cuneiform
• 6= Lateral Cuneiform
• 7= Cuboid
Foot Bones
• The rest of the
foot and toes
are made up of
5 metatarsals
and 14
phalanges.
Ready for muscles???
Anatomy 101- Muscles
Skeletal Muscles
• Skeletal muscle is a type of striated
muscle that is attached to bones.
• Skeletal muscles are used to create
movement by applying force to
bones and joints.
How Many Muscles Are There In
The Body?
• There are just shy of 700 skeletal
muscles in the body.
• That includes about 400 that
nobody cares about, except
specialists
Types of Movement
•
•
•
•
•
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
– Internal rotation
– External rotation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsi flexion
Plantar flexion
Supination
Pronation
Bet You Didn’t Know
• Too much botox injected into the
frontalis muscle leads to drooping
eyebrows.
• When someone is unable to close their
eyes doctors will sew in tiny gold
weights into each eyelid.
• Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in
the body. They move more than
100,000 times a day.
Neck Muscles
• The neck can move in 4 different
ways:
– Flexion
– Extension
– Lateral Flexion
– Rotation
Neck Muscles
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Muscle is responsible
for tilting the head
laterally, rotating the
head, and pulling the
back of the head
downward.
Back Muscles
• The trapezius is a
large superficial
muscle of the back.
• The trapezius
attaches at the neck,
the two shoulders,
and down to the
12th thoracic
vertebrae.
Back Muscles
• The latissimus
dorsi is a large flat
muscle of the back.
• The lats cover the
lumbar region of
the back and the
lower half of the
thoracic region.
Back Muscles
• The rhomboid
major muscle is a
muscle on the back
that connects the
scapula with the
vertebrae of the
spinal column.
Back Muscles
• The erector
spinae muscle is
a group of
muscles in the
back.
• Supports the
entire upper
body.
Chest Muscles
• Pectoralis majorlocated on the front
of the ribcage.
• Attaches to the
humerus near the
shoulder joint and
to the sternum in
the center of the
chest.
Chest Muscles
• Pectoralis
minor- is located
underneath the
pectoralis major.
• It attaches to the
scapula and the
middle ribs.
Abdominal Muscles
• Rectus
Abdominus- (abs)
are long flat
muscles that run
vertically on both
sides of the
abdomen.
• They are two
parallel muscles
separated by
connective tissue.
Abdominal Muscles
• Internal
Oblique- the
middle muscle of
the stomach that
lays just
underneath the
external oblique.
Abdominal Muscles
• External
Oblique- is the
largest and most
superficial of the
three stomach
muscles.
Shoulder Muscles
• Deltoid- forms the
round contour of
the shoulder.
• The deltoid assists
in shoulder
abduction, flexion,
and extension.
Shoulder Muscles
• Rotator cuff
muscles- four
muscles responsible
for stabilizing the
shoulder joint as
well as elevating
and rotating the
arm.
Shoulder Muscles
•
•
•
•
•
S.I.T.S
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Arm Muscles
• There are 4 muscles
responsible for
flexion of the arm.
–
–
–
–
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Arm Muscles
Arm Muscles
• There are 2 muscles
responsible for
extension of the
arm.
– Triceps brachii
– anconeus
Arm Muscles
Forearm Muscles
• Muscles responsible for flexion of the hand:
• Also known as the Wrist Flexors:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palamaris longus
Flexor carpi radiali
Forearm Muscles
• Muscles responsible for extension of the
hand:
• Also known as the Wrist Extensors:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor digitorum
Muscle Trivia
• What is the largest muscle in the body?
– Gluteus Maximus
• What is the smallest muscle in the body?
– Stapedius- 1/20th of an inch long
– Found in the inner ear
• What is the longest muscle in the body?
– Sartorius
– Runs from the hip to the knee
Muscles of the Gluteal Region
•
•
•
•
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Gluteal muscles are
responsible for
external rotation
and extension of
the hip joint.
Hip and Thigh Muscles
• Also named by the region and the function of the
muscle
- Hip Flexors- muscles acting on the anterior
hip/thigh, responsible for hip flexion
Example: Psoas major
-Hip adductors (Groin)- muscles acting on the
medial hip/thigh, responsible for hip adduction
Example: Adductor Longus, Gracilis
-Hip abductors- muscles acting on the lateral
hip/thigh, responsible for hip abduction
Example: Tensor Fascia Latae, IT Band
Quadriceps
• Muscles
responsible for
knee extension.
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus
intermedius
• Vastus medialis
Hamstrings
• Muscles responsible
for knee flexion.
• Semimembranosus
• Semitendinosus
• Biceps Femoris
Muscles of the Anterior/Lateral Leg
• Tibialis Anterior
– Dorsiflexion and
inversion of ankle
• Peroneous Longus
– Eversion and
plantarflexion of
ankle
Muscles of the Posterior Leg
• Gastrocnemiussuperficial calf muscle
• Soleus- deep to
gastrocnemius
• Tibialis Posteriorassoc. with shin splints
Quick Write
1. List as many muscle as you can that
we have talked about so far.
2. Describe an experience you have had
with a muscle.
– Example: muscle strain, muscle cramps,
muscle soreness, etc.