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Specialized
Business
Information
Systems
Chapter 11
Chapter Agenda

What is Artificial Intelligence?
– Objective of AI
– Characteristics of AI
– Components of AI
Chapter Agenda

What are Expert Systems?
– Characteristics & Components
– Three factors in evaluating them.
– Steps in developing them
– Benefits
Chapter Agenda

What is Virtual Reality?
– Definition
– Examples

Other special purpose systems
The Nature of
Intelligence
1.
2.
3.
4.
Learn from experience & apply the
knowledge
Handle complex situations
Solve problems when important
information is missing
Determine what is important
The Nature of
Intelligence
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
React quickly & correctly to new
situations
Understand visual images
Process & manipulate symbols
Be creative & imaginative
Use heuristics
Natural vs. Artificial
Intelligence
Attribute
Natural
Intelligence
Artificial
Intelligence
Ability to use sensors or senses
High
Low
Creativity or imagination
High
Low
Learn from Experience
High
Low
Ability of be adaptive
High
Low
Afford the cost of acquiring
intelligence
High
Low
Natural vs. Artificial
Intelligence
Attribute
Natural
Artificial
Intelligence Intelligence
Use a variety of information sources High
High
ability to acquire large amounts of
external info.
High
High
Complex calculations
Low
High
Transfer information
Low
High
rapid, accurate calculations
Low
High
Branches of Artificial
Intelligence
Branches of Artificial
Intelligence
Data
Mining
Machine
Learning
Support
Vector
Machines
An Overview of
Expert Systems
Characteristics of an
Expert System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Can explain their reasoning or
suggested decisions
Can display “intelligent” behavior
Can draw conclusions from complex
relationships
Can provide portable knowledge
Can deal with uncertainty
Not widely used or tested
Characteristics of an
Expert System
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Limited to relatively narrow problems
Cannot readily deal with “mixed”
knowledge
Possibility of error
Cannot refine its own knowledge
May have high development costs
Raise legal and ethical concerns
Capabilities of Expert
Systems
When to Use Expert
Systems
High payoff
 Preserve scarce expertise
 Distribute expertise
 Provide more consistency than
humans
 Faster solutions than humans

– Rapid/Automated Decision Making

Training expertise
Knowledge Base
(traditional)
Assembling human experts
 The use of fuzzy logic
 The use of rules
 The use of cases

Knowledge Base
(Machine Learning & Data Mining
Approach)
Collect vast data
 Extracting or identifying patterns,
trends, relationships
 Train an adaptive program or robot
 Test the program or robot
 Evaluate the results

Knowledge Base
The Use of Rules
The Knowledge Acquisition
Facility
Components of an Expert
System
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

The explanation facility
The knowledge acquisition facility
The user interface
Expert Systems Development
Participants in Developing and
Using Expert Systems
Domain Experts






Recognize the real problem
Develop a general framework for problem solving
Formulate theories about the situation
Develop and use general rules to solve a problem
Know when to break the rules or general principles
Solve problems quickly and efficiently
Expert Systems Development Tools
and Techniques
Expert Systems Development Tools
and Techniques
Expert Systems
Development Alternatives
Applications of Expert
Systems and Artificial
Intelligence
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


Credit granting and loan analysis
Stock picking
Catching cheats and terrorists
Budgeting
Applications of Expert System
and Artificial Intelligence
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
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
Information management and retrieval
Games
Virus detection
Hospitals and medical facilities
Virtual Reality
Virtual Reality

Enables one or more users to move and react in a
computer-simulated environment

Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully
immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is
completely generated by a computer

Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to
move and react in a computer-simulated environment
Segway
Interface Devices
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Head-mounted display (HMD)
Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)
CAVE
Haptic interface
Forms of Virtual Reality
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Mouse-controlled navigation
Stereo projection systems
Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo
glasses
Useful Applications

Medicine – used to link stroke patients to
physical therapists

Education and training – used by military
for aircraft maintenance

Entertainment
– Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
Useful Applications

Real Estate Marketing and Tourism
– Used to increase real estate sales
– Virtual reality tour of the White House
Other Specialized Systems
Segway Personal Transporter
 Adaptive brain interface technology
 Personal awareness assistant (PAA)

Summary

Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to
mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain

Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience

Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested
decisions) and display intelligent behavior

Virtual reality systems - enables one or more users to move and
react in a computer-simulated environment

Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in
new and exciting ways. For example, Segway