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Chapter 4 Tissues Four Tissue Types • Epithelia • Connective • Muscle • Nervous Epithelia Cell Shapes 1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar Arrangement 1. Simple 2. Stratified 3. Pseudostratified Characteristics of Epithelia • • • • • • Apical surface Basal surface Basement membrane Avascular Highly mitotic Minimal neural connections Simple Squamous Primary locations: air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, lymph vessels, etc. Simple Cuboidal Primary locations: kidney tubules, glands, and ducts. Simple Columnar Epithelium Locations: digestive tract, gallbladder, some ducts and glands. Simple Columnar Epithelium with cilia Locations: small bronchi and uterine tubules Stratified Squamous Epithelium Locations: skin, mouth, esophagus, and vagina. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Stratified Columnar Epithelium Transitional Epithelium Locations: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of urethra. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Locations: trachea and most of upper respiratory tract. Endocrine Glands Exocrine Glands • Merocrine – chemical release – salivary glands. • Apocrine – Pinch off portions of cells – Mammary glands • Holocrine – slough off the whole cell – sebaceous glands. Connective Tissues • • • • • Contain a matrix Some contain fibers Have a variety of functional cells Most are vascular Most have neural connections Areolar Connective Location: under epithelia, mucous membranes and surrounds capillaries Adipose Connective Location: everywhere Dense Regular Connective Location: tendons and ligaments Reticular Connective Location: lymph organs like spleen, nodes, and bone marrow. Dense Irregular Connective Makes up capsules for organs and joints and also in dermis Elastic (Dense) Connective Walls of large arteries, in ligaments around spine and in walls of bronchii Hyaline Cartilage Forms most of embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, and larynx. Fibrocartilage Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and discs of knee joint. Elastic Cartilage External ear and epiglottis Bone Blood Erythrocytes, Leukocytes & Thrombocytes) Membranes • Mucous • Serous • Synovial Muscles Tissue Types • Skeletal (striated) • Cardiac • Smooth Striated Muscle Cardiac Muscle Nervous Tissue Smooth Muscle Found mostly in the walls of hollow organs Terms to Know • • • • • • • • • • Adenoma Autoimmune disease Lupus Marfan’s syndrome Atrophy Hypertrophy Tissue rejection Xenotransplantation Adhesions Keloid
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