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Prague, Czech Republic Muscle Physiology Energy (ATP ADP) Energy from ATP causes actin molecules to change shape. When this occurs in a large array of actin molecules attached to myosin molecules, it shortens a small section of muscle. Striated muscle Cartoon Real Basic Muscle Anatomy Vertical Septum Vertebra Horizontal Septum Epaxial Muscle Red Muscle Coelom (Guts) Hypaxial Muscle Two Muscle Types • For long distance cruising – Red Muscle – Endurance more important than strength • For sprinting – White muscle – Strength more important than endurance Muscle Metabolism Red = distance Fats to Glucose + oxygen Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water White = sprinting Glucose (glycogen) Energy + Lactic Acid Muscle type Red E + 6C0 + 6H O C6H12O6 + 6O2 2 White C6H12O6 E + 2C3H6O3 Lactic Acid 2 What happens when distance runners (red muscle) sprint? They are slow because the red muscles lack power What happens when sprinters (white muscle) run distance? They “hit the wall” and collapse because of energy depletion and lactic acid accumulation • Cruising (marathon runner) • Continuous use • Steady oxygen supply • Fat for energy • (Red from myoglobin) • Sprinting (escape, 2 minutes max) • Little oxygen • Energy from glycogen (carbohydrate) • Produce lactic acid (2 hrs to remove) • Liver regenerates lactic acid to glycogen using energy from food Goldfish: A Special case Lactic Acid Glycogen Ethanol Basic Muscle Anatomy Vertical Septum Vertebra Horizontal Septum Epaxial Muscle Red Muscle Coelom (Guts) Hypaxial Muscle Location of Red Muscle in Fish Side View Top View Red Muscle and Behavior Coelom (Guts) Catfish: Slow when cruising Coelom (Guts) Swordfish: Fast when cruising Koi Slice Picture 2009 Red muscle Caution White Muscle: Pink from feed pigments (salmon); sometimes myoglobin (tuna) 85 F (30 C) 36 F (2 C) Heated muscles Scombrids • Yellowfin and skipjack – Ambient + fixed amount • Bluefin – thermoregulate to specific temp Hot eyes Hot Brain Isurids (mako sharks) Swordfish, Marlin, Thresher Sharks • Swordfish hunt water depths down to 2600 feet • Temps about 5 °C. • Cold drastically affects the performance of the nervous system, including the eyes and brain. • So, heat (19-28 C) is produced by a highly modified eye muscle located close to the eye and brain. • This keeps the eye and brain warm during dives into cold water. Bone functions • Blood formation – NOT • Keeps the fins in shape and provides a way for muscle to move the fins • Protects guts and brain • Keeps the gills rigid • Can fish live without them? Sure! Sure! Sure! A Little bone helps A Little bone helps A Little bone helps A Little bone helps Porbeagle shark Vertebrae Spinal Cord Caudal Vein Caudal Disc Artery Neural Arch Hemal Arch Centrum Vertebra, Cross Section Neural Arch Spinal Cord Centrum Caudal Vein Caudal Artery Problem Bones Intramuscular Bone Epipleural Rib Pleural Rib Vertebra Coelom Spine Ray Bony Fish Caudal Fin Hypural Bones Lepidotrichia Shark Caudal Fin Neural Arch Hemal Arch Dermal Rays Quiz hINTS • Know the difference between red and white muscle – Function – Metabolism • Know why muscle heating is important • Know about he bones that end up in fillets • Spinal cord and spinal blood vessels Associations with vertebrae
