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Chapter 13
The Expansive Realm of Islam
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Arabian Peninsula
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Arabian Peninsula was mostly desert
Nomadic Bedouin people organized in family and
clan groups
Important in long-distance trade networks
between China/India and Persia/Byzantium
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Muhammad and His Message
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Born about 570 C.E. to merchant family in Mecca
Works as merchant
Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and
Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula
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Muhammad’s Spiritual
Transformation
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There was only one true god, Allah ("the god")
Allah would soon bring judgment on the world
The archangel Gabriel delivered these revelations to
Muhammad
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The Quran
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Holy book of Islam
Record of revelations received during visions
Committed to writing ca. 650 C.E. (Muhammad
dies 632 C.E.)
Other works include hadith (sayings and deeds of
Muhammad)
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Conflict at Mecca
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Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to
polytheistic pagans
Economic threat to existing religious industry
Attacks on greed offended wealthy merchants
Attacks on idolatry threatened shrines, especially
the black rock at Ka'ba
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The Hijra
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Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 C.E.
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Year 0 in Muslim calendar
Organizes followers into communal society
(the umma)
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The “Seal of the Prophets”
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Muhammad – the final prophet
Accepted the authority of Abraham, Moses, and
Jesus
Muhammad had been entrusted a more complete
revelation, one that communicated Allah’s plan
for the world
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Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
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Attack on Mecca, 630 C.E. and conversion of
Mecca to Islam
Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques
but Ka’ba preserved in honor of importance of
Mecca
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Approved as pilgrimage site
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The Ka’ba
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The Five Pillars of Islam
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No god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet
Daily prayer
Fasting during Ramadan
Charity
Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
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Muslims at Prayer
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Islamic Law: The Sharia
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Codification of Islamic law
Inspired by Quran, hadith, logical schools of
analysis
Detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost
every aspect of life
Through the sharia, Islam became more than a
religion, it became a way of life
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The Caliph
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No clear to successor to Muhammad identified
Abu Bakr chosen to lead as caliph
Became head of the state, chief judge, religious
leader, military commander
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Abu Bakr
Ali
The Expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.
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The Shia
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The Shia sect originally supported Ali and
descendents as caliph
Versus the Sunnis ("traditionalists"), the Shias
accepted legitimacy of early caliphs
Different beliefs: holy days for leaders, Ali infallible
Ongoing conflict between the two sects
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Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala
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The Umayyad Dynasty
(661-750 C.E.)
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Brought stability to the Islamic community
Capital: Damascus, Syria
Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims
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Umayyad Dynasty
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The Abbasid Dynasty
(750-1258 C.E.)
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Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia
Defeats Umayyad army in 750 C.E.
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Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them
Dar al-Islam: is all those lands in which a
Muslim government rules and the Holy Law of
Islam prevails. Non-Muslims may live there on
Muslim sufferance.
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Abbasid Empire
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Formation of a Hemispheric Trading
Zone
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Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes
Camel caravans
Maritime trade
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Changing Status of Women
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Quran improves status of women
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Outlawed female infanticide
Yet male dominance preserved
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Polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden
Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice
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Formation of an Islamic Cultural
Tradition
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The Quran and sharia were main sources to formulate
moral guidelines
Sufis
 Most effective missionaries
 Encouraged followers to revere Allah in their own
ways
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Cultural Influences on Islam
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Indian influences
 Adopted "Hindi numerals," which Europeans later
called "Arabic numerals"
 Algebra and trigonometry
Greek influences
 Muslims philosophers especially liked Plato and
Aristotle
 Ibn Rushd (Averroës) turned to Aristotle in twelfth
century
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