Download Ch. 9 Memory - Cloudfront.net

Ch. 9 Memory
Mr. McElhaney
PLHS
Remembering is an Active Process


Memories can be lost and revised
Types of Memory
– Short Term Memory
– Long Term Memory
Info that appears to be lost may still be in
memory
 Problems with memory:

– Forgetting and storage issues


Recovered memories are problematic
Strategies such as Mnemonics can improve
memory
Basics

Definition- Memory is an active system
that receives, stores and organizes, alters,
and recovers information
Encoding- info is changed into usable and
storable form
 Encoding-Storage-Retrieval

3 Part System Memory
Sensory
 STM (Working)
 LTM

Sensory Memory

New info is perceived through the senses
Info is held exactly as perceived for a few
seconds (Transduced)
 Preceding short term Memory

All of the Senses:

Use Transduction:
– The process of changing energy (stimulus) to
a form that can be processed by the nervous
system– For example- light to a form that can be
recognized by the retina.
Dual System in Memory
Short Term Memory
 Long Term Memory


Small desk and file cabinet concept
STM
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Fig. 9.2 Remembering is thought to involve at least three steps. Incoming
information is first held for a second or two by sensory memory.
Information selected by attention is then transferred to temporary storage
in short-term memory. If new information is not rapidly encoded, or
rehearsed, it is forgotten. If it is transferred to long-term memory, it
becomes relatively permanent, although retrieving it may be a problem. The
Short Term Memory 1
Is working memory
 Includes Selective attention
 Holds small amounts of info for a brief
time
 Encoding in STM
– memories are stored by images
– And phonetically- by sound, words and letters
Short Term Memory 2
Storehouse for small amounts of info
 Phone numbers/shopping lists


Working memory holds info while other
activities are taking place.

Is sensitive to interruption + interference
Processing info helps Memory
Connecting to LTM
 Chunking
 Rehearsal
 Elaborative Rehearsal

Short Term Memory 3
Limited size = 7 “slots”/Information bits
 Good mem = 9 bits
 Recoding= reorganizing information
 Chunking = form of recoding, creating
connections/groups between info
 Rehearsal- repeating info increases STM
and can lead to transfer to LTM

Elaborate Rehearsal –
Linking new info to memories in LTM will
improve memory
 Elaborate = extend, think about info as
you study
 Ask yourself “why” why would that be
true?
 Try to relate new ideas to your own
experiences and knowledge

Long Term Memory
Found in the Cortex of Brain
Hippocampus clearly associated with memory
(see brain map of memory)
 permanent storehouse for Memory
 Everything you know goes into LTM



Important + Meaningful info gets transferred to
LTM

The more you know the easier it is to add
memory
Long Term Memory
Encoding = storage (LTM) stored based on
meaning
 Recoding/reorganizing/revision is present in LTM
 example- Chunking can/will work in LTM
 Constructive Processing = updating memory

– Fills in the gaps of memory with logical conclusions or
extensions, or inferences
– (Pseudo Memories are false memories)
– Relates to how we can sometimes not know the
source of some memories
Organization of Info in LTM
Patterns of Association = memory structure
 Examples: rules, images, symbols, similarities,
formal meaning, personal meaning


Network Model (or schema)
– Associations of new of linked ideas
– We make organization based on linked meanings
Memory Aids

Chunking info= try to link 2-3 or more
facts into larger chinks and your memory
will improve
Key to memory is to find meaning
 Always think about how you feel about
things

Fig. 9.7 In the model shown here, long-term memory is divided into procedural
memory (learned actions and skills) and declarative memory (stored facts).
Declarative memories can be either semantic (impersonal knowledge) or episodic
(personal experiences associated with specific times and places).
Types of LTM = skill and fact






Procedural- Skill
Conditioned Response
Learned Actions
Automatic
Lower braincerebellum
Typing and Driving
Actions
Types of Memory






Declarative- Facts
Names, faces, dates,
words, ideas
Expressed in words
and symbols
Semantic Memory
Encyclopedia of basic
knowledge
You don’t forget
Episodic Memory=
experiences
 Autobiographic

– When we access we
re-experience

Most easily forgotten
LTM
Memory Formation
Consolidation- the forming of LTM memory
 Takes time to move info from STM to LTM


Meaning is key
Re-dintegrative Memories
Memories in LTM
 Can be triggered by cues
 Cues (associations/clues) always enhance
memories
 Triggered memories are cues to other
connected memories
 Pictures, smells, songs, sounds

Cue-Dependent
Forgetting
Stimuli associated with memory are missing
Memory Tasks- LTM
Recall
Direct
Retrieval of Info
Who-What
Facts
Recognition
Previous
learned info is
correctly
identified
MC tests
Accurate for
visuals

Relearning
Reviewing
previously
exposed
to/learned info
25% greater
proficiency
Review helps
we Re-learn
faster.
Serial Position Effect
STM
 Being able to memorize the beginning and
end of a list
 But not the middle

Why? The end- interference, STM has limited
capacity

Implicit and Explicit Memories
Implicit Memories
 We are not aware
 Unconscious
Priming
 Giving a person
limited cues
 Info previously
learned is reflected in
cued responses
 Related to implicit
memory
 Sub-conscious
Explicit Memories
 Recall is used
 Conscious memories
 Trying to remember
Forgetting

Encoding Failure: When a memory was never formed
in the first place

Memory Traces: Physical changes in nerve cells or
brain activity that occur when memories are stored

Memory Decay: When memory traces become
weaker; fading or weakening of memories

Disuse: Theory that memory traces weaken when
memories are not used or retrieved
Blocking

Repression

Suppression
Brain Anatomy and Memory

Locations of memory is identified through
brain mapping

Experiments through Electroconvulsive
Shock destroys memory
– Mostly effects recent memories
– Before Consolidation
Brain #2
Hippocampus= closely associated with
LTM
 Used in Consolidation of memory
 Known as the “Switching Station” between
STM and LTM
 Grows neurons that make new
connections with in the brain
 Damage to hippocampus = Aterograde
amnesia= inability to store new memories
LTM (“50 First Dates”)

Brain 3
3lbs of brain
 Cerebral Cortex- multiple areas associated

Front of Cortex = Episodic Memoryevents
 Back area of Cortex = Semantic Memoryideas

Amnesia
Retrograde (before)
Amnesia
 Forgetting events that
occur before an injury
or trauma
Anterograde- Amnesia
 “50 First Dates”
 Forgetting invents tha
follow an injury

Memory Supports
Making Notes- write things down
 Prevents info from slipping out of short
term memory before you can review it and
store it more permanently

Sorry, not finished with this ppt.