Download memory - Denton ISD

MEMORY
You think it’s
good? Well,
you’re wrong.
ENCODING
 DEF: forming a memory code
 Requires attention: focusing awareness on a narrowed range
of stimuli or events
 Attention is selective; acts as a filter
LEVELS OF PROCESSING
 Craik and Lockhart (1972) propose incoming info can be
processed at dif ferent levels
 3 levels for verbal info.:
 1: Structural encoding: shallow processing that emphasizes
the physical structure of the stimulus
LEVELS OF PROCESSING CONTINUED
 Phonemic encoding: emphasizes what a word sounds like
 Semantic encoding: emphasizes meaning of verbal input;
thinking about the objects and actions the word represents
 Levels of Processing Theor y : deeper levels of processing result
in longer lasting memory codes
ENRICHING ENCODING
 Elaboration: linking a stimulus to other info at the time of
encoding
 Helps enhance semantic encoding
 Involves thinking of examples to illustrate the idea
VISUAL IMAGERY
 Creating visual images to represent words to be remembered
 Allan Paivio: easier to form images for concrete words
 Dual-coding theor y: holds that memory is enhanced by
forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to
recall
SELF-REFERENT ENCODING
 DEF: deciding how or whether info is personally relevant
 It is easier to remember something if it is meaningful to you
STORAGE: MAINTAINING
INFORMATION IN
MEMORY
Storage is
maintaining
info in
memory over
time
SENSORY MEMORY
 DEF: preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief
time, usually only a fraction of a second
 Gives additional time to recognize stimulus
 Visual and auditory memory trace decays after ¼ of a second
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
 STM is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed
info for up to 20 seconds
 Rehearsal: process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking
about the info
DURABILIT Y OF STORAGE
 Ability to recall decays considerably after only 15 seconds
 This is due to time -related decay and interference from
competing stimuli
CAPACIT Y OF STORAGE
 1956: George Miller publishes “Magical Number 7” paper
 Claims you can store 7 items (+ or – 2) in STM
 You can increase capacity by Chunking: grouping familiar
stimuli and storing as a single unit
STM AS “WORKING MEMORY”
 Alan Baddeley: “Working memory” consists of 3 parts:
 1: Phonological rehearsal loop (ex: reciting a phone #) —only 2
seconds of info
 2: Visuospatial sketchpad: allows to temporarily hold and
manipulate visual images
 3: Executive control system: handles info as you engage in
reasoning and decision making
LONG-TERM MEMORY
 DEF: an unlimited (virtually) capacity store that can hold info
over lengthy periods of time
LONG-TERM MEMORY PERMANENT?
 Flash-bulb memories: unusually vivid and detailed
recollections of momentous events
 Hypnosis induced memories
 ESB triggering long -lost memories
STM AND LTM SEPARATE
 Dominant thought today is that STM is a tiny and constantly
changing portion of LTM
HOW IS KNOWLEDGE
REPRESENTED AND
ORGANIZED IN
MEMORY?
CLUSTERING AND CONCEPTUAL
HIERARCHIES
 Clustering: tendency to remember similar or related items in a
group
 Conceptual hierarchy: multilevel classification system based
on common properties among items
SCHEMAS
 Schema: an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular
object or event abstracted from previous experience with the
object or event
SCRIPTS
 Script: organizes what people know about common activities
 A kind of schema
SEMANTIC NETWORKS
 DEF: consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together
by pathways that link related concepts
 Spreading activation: naturally thinking of related words
CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS AND
PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
(PDP)
 PDP models assume that cognitive processes depend on
patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational
networks that resemble neural networks
 PDP models assert that specific memories correspond to
particular patterns of activation in these networks
RETRIEVAL: GETTING
INFORMATION OUT OF
MEMORY
TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE PHENOMENON
 DEF: temporary inability to remember something you know,
accompanied by the feeling that it’s just out of reach
 Similar memories are interfering
REINSTATING THE CONTEXT OF AN EVENT
 Context cues facilitate the retrieval of info.
 Remembering the origin of the thought
RECONSTRUCTING MEMORIES AND
MISINFORMATION EFFECT
 Distortions in recall occur b/c subjects reconstruct a story to
fit w/ their established schemas
 Theories: overwriting, interference, and…
SOURCE-MONITORING
 Def: process of making attributions about the original
memories
 Source-monitoring error: when a memory derived from a
source is misattributed to another source
 Reality monitoring: process of deciding whether memories are
based on external or internal sources