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Transcript
Alien Genetics
A Science and Math Overlap
Genetics
The field of biology that studies
heredity (the passing of traits from one
generation to the next)
Genes
• The section of DNA that codes for a
certain trait.
• Every characteristic is controlled by a pair
of genes – one from the organism’s
mother, and one from its father.
• Alleles are the different forms of a gene.
The Law of Dominance
• If one or both alleles in an organism are
for the dominant characteristic, then the
organism will exhibit that dominant
characteristic.
• The recessive characteristic will only be
shown if both alleles are for that recessive
characteristic.
Guessing game!!!
For each allele pair, guess
which one is dominant and
which is recessive in humans:
– Eye color: Brown or
blue/grey/green/hazel?
Guessing game!!!
For each allele pair, guess
which one is dominant and
which is recessive in
humans:
– Earlobes: Unattached
(A) or attached(B)?
Guessing game!!!
For each allele pair, guess
which one is dominant and
which is recessive in
humans:
– Number of digits: five
fingers/toes on each
hand/foot, or having
extra fingers/toes?
The Law of Segregation
• Gametes are the sex cells (sperm and
ovum) that combine to form a new
offspring.
• Each gamete randomly gets one of each
pair of alleles for each trait, so that when
the two gametes combine, the offspring
has a complete set of pairs.
Genotype
• The combination of alleles in an organism
• Homozygous: The two alleles for the trait
are the same.
• Heterozygous: The two alleles for the trait
are different.
Phenotype
• The trait that is displayed by the organism
• What genotypes – combinations of
dominant and recessive alleles – would
make an organism display the dominant
trait?
• What genotypes would make the
organism display the recessive trait?
Punnett Square
• A chart used to predict the possible
genotypes (and phenotypes) of the
offspring of a cross between two parent
organisms
• From this, you can figure out the
probability of each genotype (and
phenotype) occurring in the offspring.
Haha!
Allele Representation
The same letter is used to represent
both alleles for a trait, but the capital is
used for the dominant allele, and the
lowercase is used for the recessive
allele.
Our First Cross
• The alien species that we’re going to
study follows the same genetics laws that
we humans, here on Earth, do.
• In this alien species, having blue skin is a
dominant trait and having green skin is a
recessive trait. Let’s use B’s for blue skin
and b’s for green skin.
Our First Cross
• The mom alien is homozygous with blue
skin. What is her genotype?
• The dad alien is homozygous with green
skin. What is his genotype?
A Punnett Square Looks Like…
Setting up the Punnett Square
B
The two alleles from
one parent go above
the two columns, and
the two alleles from
the other parent go
to the left of the two
rows.
b
b
B
Filling in the Punnett Square
B
Put the letter pair
(one from the top,
one from the side)
in each box.
B
b Bb
Bb
b Bb
Bb
Probability
• The likelihood of something happening
• In fraction form, the numerator is the number
of desired outcomes (what you are looking
for) and the denominator is the number of
total outcomes (all of the possibilities).
• To change to a percent, divide numerator by
denominator and multiply by 100.
Genotypes
What are the
possible genotypes
in the offspring of a
cross between a
homozygous blueskinned alien mom
and a homozygous
green-skinned alien
dad?
B
B
b Bb
Bb
b
Bb
Bb
Genotypes
What is the probability
of each genotype in
the offspring of a cross
between a
homozygous blueskinned alien mom
and a homozygous
green-skinned alien
dad?
B
B
b Bb
Bb
b
Bb
Bb
Phenotypes
What are the possible
phenotypes in the
offspring of a cross
between a
homozygous blueskinned alien mom
and a homozygous
green-skinned alien
dad?
B
B
b Bb
Bb
b
Bb
Bb
Phenotypes
What is the probability
of each phenotype in
the offspring of a cross
between a
homozygous blueskinned alien mom
and a homozygous
green-skinned alien
dad?
B
B
b Bb
Bb
b
Bb
Bb
Another Cross
• Let’s look at a different pair of aliens. In
this pair, both parents are heterozygous
with blue skin.
• What are the parents’ genotypes for skin
color?
Complete the Punnett Square
Try it on your own!
Check your Punnett Square
Does yours
match mine?
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
Genotypes
What are the
possible genotypes
in the offspring of a
cross between a
heterozygous blueskinned alien mom
and a heterozygous
blue-skinned alien
dad?
B
b
B BB
Bb
Bb
bb
b
Genotypes
What is the probability
of each genotype in
the offspring of a
cross between a
heterozygous blueskinned alien mom
and a heterozygous
blue-skinned alien
dad?
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
Phenotypes
What are the
possible phenotypes
in the offspring of a
cross between a
heterozygous blueskinned alien mom
and a heterozygous
blue-skinned alien
dad?
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
Phenotypes
What is the probability
of each phenotype in
the offspring of a
cross between a
heterozygous blueskinned alien mom
and a heterozygous
blue-skinned alien
dad?
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
Contact Information
Christina Chuey
Christina.Chuey@CCCTC.k12.oh.us
Rene Fernandez
fernandez.212@osu.edu