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Transcript
DNA and Translation • Gene: section of DNA that creates a specific protein – Approx 25,000 human genes • Proteins are used to build cells and tissue • Protein synthesis involves two processes: 1) Transcription 2) Translation • Transcription takes place in the nucleus – 1) DNA double helix is broken apart – 2) mRNA nucleotides match up – 3) Finished mRNA detaches, and moves to a ribosome • Codon: Combination of 3 mRNA nucleotides • Each mRNA codon matches with 1 of 20 amino acids • Ribosome reads codons 1 at a time • Codon AUG = Methionine (Start) • Codon GUU = Valine • Codons UAA or UAG or UGA = Stop • Defined: Process of making proteins – Step 1: mRNA enters ribosome – Step 2: Ribosome reads one mRNA codon at a time – Step 3: tRNA delivers amino acids until a protein is created Translation Details • Translation begins when the mRNA codon “AUG” is read by the ribosome • Each mRNA codon matches with a specific amino acid AUG = methionine GCU = alanine • tRNA carries over the proper amino acid – tRNA anticodon matches with the mRNA codon – Ensures proper match • One by one, amino acids are linked together • Translation ends when a “stop” codon is read by the ribosome • End result: Protein Methi onine Proli ne Serine Prolin e Glycin e tRNA tRNA tRNA tRNA tRNA tRNA UAC GGC UCA GGU CCU AGA Serine GAU AUG CCG AGU CCA GGA UCU UGA Ribosome Because the codon and anticodon don’t match, this amino acid is not released from the tRNA. It will simply float away and the process will continue. This prevents errors. Practice Problem Always use mRNA to find the amino acid DNA mRNA codon tRNA anticodon Amino Acid Practice Problem Always use mRNA to find the amino acid DNA mRNA codon tRNA anticodon Amino Acid Practice Problem Always use mRNA to find the amino acid DNA mRNA codon tRNA anticodon C C A G G U C C A Amino Acid Kobe Kuiz 1) Define transcription? Translation? 2) What are genes and how are they different from chromosomes? 3) How many nucleotides make a codon? 4) The anticodon can be found on which object? 5) The anticodon must match the ______. 6) Place the following steps in order from start to finish: – Proteins are assembled – Ribosome reads a codon one at a time – mRNA arrives at the ribosome – tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome 7) Be able to solve practice problems similar to the three examples on slides #9-11.
