Download Processes of Life

Processes of Life
Hierarchy of Life
 Students will identify and/or describe patterns in






the hierarchical organization of organisms, from
atoms - Carbon
to molecules- CH2O
to cells
to tissues
to organs
to organ systems
to organisms
Vocabulary You Should Know:
 types of tissues in animals
 Epithelial- skin  Muscle - heart
 Nervous – spinal cord
 Connective- provides support to organs
Types of Tissue
Cell Theory
 All organisms are made of one or more cells.
 All living things come from pre-existing cells by division
 The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function




in living things
Organism depends on total activity of independent cells
functioning
Energy flow happens in the cells
Cells contain hereditary information that is passed on to
new cells
Cells have the same chemical composition within a
species
EXAMPLES
 Prokaryotes – no nucleus and simple ring DNA
 These are bacteria & archebacteria

First life forms
 Eukaryotes – Cells have nucleus
 All other kingdoms  animals – plants - fungi - protists
Homeostasis (Same State)
 Living things can regulate internal environment in a
stable condition.
 1- Extract energy from food
Photosynthesis
 Cellular respiration

 2. Getting rid of waste
 3. Reproducing
 Cell wall- support - in plant cells only
 Chloroplasts – used in photosynthesis
 cell membrane- protection in & out of cell
 Nucleus- control center – stores
hereditary material
 Cytoplasm- fluid that supports organelles
 Mitochondria- Mitochondria provide the energy a cell needs to move,
divide, produce secretory products, contract - in short, they are the power
centers of the cell.
 Vacuoles- Storage
-Isolating materials that might be
harmful or a threat to the cell - containing waste products
 Ribosomes- make proteins
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Systems of the Human Body
The general functions of the major systems of the human
body
 Digestive- mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas,
liver
 Respiratory- Nose, Mouth,Pharynx (throat),Larynx (voice
box), Trachea (windpipe), Bronchi, Lungs
 Circulatory- Heart, blood vessels and blood.
 Reproductive- Female : ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and
mammary glands. Male : testes, seminal vesicles and penis.
 Excretory- get rid of waste - intestines, kidneys,
bladder,
 Immune – spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes
 Nervous- Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
 Musculoskeletal-Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.
Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles throughout the body.
Agents of Disease
 Viruses- Rhino virus , Influenza
 Bacteria – E Coli, Salmonella, Tuberculosis
(there are good as well as bad)
 Fungus – Athlete’s foot
 Parasites - Tapeworm

Linnean Classification
• DOMAINS
• Kingdom-Phyllum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species
• Archeabacteria
• Bacteria
• Protists
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals example canis familiaris (dog)
•
canis lupis (wolf)
Evolution – Natural Selection
Evolution- Fossil Evidence
 Fossil record
 shows
change over time
 Anatomical record
 comparing
body structures
 homology
& vestigial structures
 embryology & development
 Molecular record
 comparing
protein & DNA sequences
 Artificial selection
 human
caused evolution
Extinction
A certain reptile species is a herbivore and exists only on an isolated
island. Which of the following would most likely result in the
extinction of the reptile species over a period of twenty
thousand years?
 The reptile species produces many offspring with many unique traits,
and the vegetation remains constant.
 The reptile species produces few offspring with some unique traits, and
the vegetation remains constant.
 The reptile species produces few offspring with no unique traits, and
the vegetation changes quickly.
 The reptile species produces many offspring with some unique traits,
and the vegetation changes slowly.
Hereditary Information
 Students will describe and/or explain that every organism
requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits.
 Students will identify and/or explain that hereditary
information (DNA) contains genes located in the
chromosomes of each cell and/or that heredity is the passage
of these instructions from one generation to another. There
are two alleles for every gene.
 Students will use Punnett squares and pedigrees to determine
genotypic and phenotypic probabilities.
 Students will compare and/or contrast general processes of
sexual and asexual reproduction that result in the passage of
hereditary information from one generation to another.
Genotype v. Phenotype
 Genotype - This is the "internally coded,
inheritable information" carried by all living
organisms.
 Phenotype – This is the "outward, physical
manifestation" of the organism.
 You can’t see a genotype but you can see blue eyes,
blonde hair, height…
Punnett Squares & Pedigrees
Meiosis
SEXUAL
&
Mitosis
ASEXUAL
Reproduction
AND
New
replacement
cells
INTERDEPENDENCE
 Students will compare and/or contrast relationships between
organisms, such as mutualism, predation, parasitism,
competition, and commensalism.
 Students will describe and/or explain the roles of and
relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers
in the process of energy transfer in a food web.
 Students will identify and/or describe various limiting factors
in an ecosystem and their impact on native populations.
 Describe and investigate various limiting factors in the local
ecosystem and their impact on native populations, including
food, shelter, water, space, disease, parasitism, predation, and
nesting sites.
 Commensualism - relationship between two organisms where one
organism benefits but the other is neutral (there is no harm or benefit).There are
two other types of association mutualism (where both organisms benefit)
and parasitism (one organism benefits and the other one is harmed).
 Mutualism-symbiotic interaction between different species




that is mutually beneficial – Clownfish & Sea Anemone
(Symbiosis: both organisms live together in closely
proximity)
Predation-predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on
its prey (the organism that is attacked)
Parasitism-non mutual relationship between organisms of
different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits
at the expense of the other, the host.
Competition- compete over water supplies, food, mates,
and other biological resources
Limiting Factors
 food,
 shelter,
 water,
 space,
 disease,
 nesting sites
 nutrients
 parasitism, predation
Law of Conservation of Mass & Energy
 Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) ----) C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Cellular Respiration
 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle
 Major reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of
exchange:
 The atmosphere
 The terrestrial biosphere, which is usually defined to include fresh
water systems and non-living organic material, such as
 The
, including
and
marine organisms
 The
cluding
 The Earth's interior, carbon from the Earth's
and
is
released to the atmosphere and hydrosphere by volcanoes and
geothermal systems.
 The annual movements of carbon, the carbon exchanges between
reservoirs, occur because of various chemical, physical, geological,
and biological processes.