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Chapter 1
When Old Worlds Collide: Contact,
Conquest, Catastrophe
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Peoples in Motion
 Many people migrated to North America
long before the European explorations
 Beringia was the land bridge between
Siberia and Alaska


Home to generations and source of migration
to North America
Probably arrived in three waves



First more than 14,000 years ago
Middle a few thousand years later
Last after 7,000 B.C.
Great Extinction and the Rise of
Agriculture
 Earliest migrants found a multitude of animal
species


Gradually disappeared, largely due to over-hunting
Clovis Tip
 Neolithic hunter-gatherer societies evolved to
permanent villages



About 3500 years ago
Sex-segregated jobs within communities
Can be termed the Neolithic evolution
Indian Women as Farmers
The Norsemen
 From 982 to 1014 A.D., first exploration to and
occupation in Iceland and Greenland
 Erik the Red

Leif Erikson
 Three explorations between A.D. 1001 and 1014 to
North America
 Established colony of Vinland in Newfoundland
 Skrelings
 Colony was destroyed
China: The Rejection of Overseas
Expansion
 Marco Polo (1271)
 China initiated many explorations of East Asia
between 1405 and 1434

Cheng Ho
 Interest diminished as became convinced that
Chinese culture was superior to rest of world
 China became totally self-contained
Europeans versus Islam
 Arab mariners best in world
 Europe desired access to East Indian spices
 Ottoman Turks took Constantinople (1453)
 Overran Balkans in 1520s
 Europe in Middle Ages made impressive gains
 Metallurgy and architecture
 Johannes Gutenberg
 Improvements in ships and navigation
 Legacy from Crusades provided lessons for
greater European exploration
Unlikely Pioneer: Portugal
 Role of Prince Henry and the crusading Order of
Christ
 Portugal became leader in technological
innovations and development


Astrolabe
Caravel
 Involvement in slave trade
 Exploited local rivalries among states of West and
Central Africa
 Began search for water route to Asia in the 1480s
 Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama
 Established chain of naval bases extending to Asia
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Africa and the
Mediterranean
in the 15th
Century
Spain, Columbus, and the Americas
 Ferdinand and Isabella married in 1469
 Reconquest of Spain in 1492
 Spanish support for Christopher Columbus
 Sought water route to Asia across Atlantic
 Made four voyages to the New World after 1492
 Treaty of Tordesillas
 Amerigo Vespucci and Ferdinand Magellan prove
that New World was a new continent
 Hernan Cortes


Aztecs
Tenochtitlan
Rise of Sedentary Cultures
 Native lives transformed by agriculture after 4000
B.C.
 Non-migratory societies only among most
advanced cultures
 No individual ownership of land among any
Indian society
 Regardless of size, Indian societies remained
Stone Age culture
Andes: Cycles of Complex Cultures
 Andean civilizations utilized ingenious irrigation
systems for high-altitude farming
 Mohica


Northwest coast of Peru
Pyramid builders
 Tiwanaku
 Capital on southern shores of Lake Titicaca
 Terraced farming of cotton and corn
 Llamas and alpacas
Inca Civilization
 Emerged around A.D. 1400
 Built capital at Cuzco, high in Andes Mountains
 Empire stretched 2,000 miles north to south
 No written language, yet controlled 8 to 12 million
people by 1500
Mesoamerica: Cycles of Complex
Cultures
 Olmecs emerged along Gulf Coast around 1200
B.C.



Built small settlements of around 1,000 people
Constructed first pyramids and ballparks in
Mesoamerica
Utilized 52-year calendar system
 Toetihuacan emerged in mountains outside of
present-day Mexico City
Mesoamerica




(cont’d)
City has population of 40,000 by A.D. 1
Best known for brightly painted murals
Governed by a senate, not a monarch
Suddenly destroyed around A.D. 750
 Mayans emerged in southern lowlands of the
Yucátan




Irrigation canals
Highly developed written languages and art
Aspects of Mayan cultures survived in latter culture
Toltecs
Aztecs and Tenochtitlan
 Capital of Tenochtitlán in middle of Lake Texcoco
 Chinampas
 Waged perpetual war to gain captives for
religious ceremonies

Made many enemies among peoples of Mesoamerica
North American Mound Builders
 Three distinct cultures
 New Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and their
tributaries
 Thrived from 3000 B.C. to about A.D. 1700
 Largest mount at Cahokia near modern St. Louis
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Mound-Building
Cultures of North
America
Urban Cultures of the Southwest
 Hohokam in central Arizona between 300 B.C. and
A.D. 300



Sophisticated irrigation
Manufactured cotton cloth and distinctive red pottery
Declined around 1450, likely due to water shortages
 Anasazi in New Mexico and Colorado
 Cliff-dwelling people
 Flourished for two centuries, then declined in last
quarter of thirteenth century
 Likely ancestors of Pueblo Indians
Religious Dilemmas
 Christians unprepared to deal with native
societies


Troubled by Indian religious practices
Branded Indians Satan worshippers
 Natives equally troubled by European practices
 Horrified by European executions of suspected witches
and other Europeans
 Troubled by Communion rite in Christian churches
 Widespread resistance to early Christianization efforts
War as Cultural Misunderstanding
 Different conceptions of warfare
 Europeans sought to slay as many of their
enemies as possible
 Indians fought to acquire live captives
 Europeans disliked Indian torture and ritual
sacrifice of captives
 Indians appalled by European slaughter of
women and children
 Indian societal organization differed
markedly from European


Most Indian societies were matrilineal and had
clearly defined social roles for men and women
Resisted Europeanization efforts because they
challenged their traditional social norms
The Conquest of Mexico and Peru
 Hernán Cortés invaded Aztec capital of
Tenochititlán in 1519




Seized Emperor Moctezuma and replaced Aztec
religious images with Christian ones
Initial invasion not successful
Returned later with aid from the Tlaxcalans, enemies of
the Aztecs
Looted the city and established Mexico City on its ruins
The Conquest of Mexico and Peru
(cont)
 Francisco Pizarro located Incas in 1531
 Capitalized on internal turmoil
 Defeated much larger Incan force and destroyed Cuzco
 Established new capital at Lima on the coast of Peru
Principal Spanish Explorations of North America
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North American Conquistadores and
Missionaries
 Hernando de Soto and Francisco de Coronado
 Jesuits established mission in Virginia in 1570
 Departed after Indian revolt
 Franciscans replaced them North of Mexico
 Royal Orders for New Discoveries, 1573
 Made it illegal to enslave Indians or even attack them
 Laid plans for unfortified missions headed by
priests to convert natives into peaceful Catholic
subjects of Spain
 Some missionary success in northern Florida and
New Mexico
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Missions in Florida
and New Mexico,
circa 1675
The Spanish Empire and
Demographic Catastrophe
 Ruled by direct control from Spain
 Encomienda
 Labor systems exploited natives
 Empire and its riches transformed missionaries
 Became less concerned with saving souls as they
acquired land and laborers
 Portugal Controlled Brazil
 Bandeirantes
 Power further consolidated after Portugal and
Spain joined in 1580 under rule of Philip II
Spanish Empire and Global Labor Systems
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Explanations: Patterns of Conquest,
Submission, and Resistance
 Vast technological superiority
 Steel most important
 Biological effect of European diseases
devastating the Indians
 European vegetation choked out native plants
 European animals prevailed over potential
American rivals
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Discussion Questions
 Describe the major Native American civilizations
that existed before Columbus’s arrival. Include at
least one from North America, one from Central
America, and one from South America.
 Examine the Viking explorations of the New
World. How were they accomplished? Why did
the settlements not last?
 How were the Spanish conquistadores able gain
dominance over the Native American empires of
Central and South America?