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Databases Unplugged
Industry Consolidation & Evolution
Cheryl Stepney
Microsoft Corporation
Agenda
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Core Components
Database Models
Modeling the Database
Job Roles & Opportunities
Database Vendors
Industry Convergence - XML
What is a Database
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An organized set of data
Have discrete fields with datatype
definitions
Ensure data accuracy via validation
rules
Be able to easily query the data using
the definitions
A core component of every computer
application in the world today
Database Types
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Flat Files
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1970’s – present
Structured, non-flexible, hard to change schema
Example: IBM’s IMS
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Segments of Customer, Order and Product linked by keys held until reorganization
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Relational
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Order No., Customer Name, Customer Location, Product A name, Product A price,
Product B name, Order Total, end record
Hierarchical
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1960’s – present
Comma/tab delimited, no structure?
1980’s – present
Flexible, links based on data values, primary and foreign keys
Tables are linked by the existence of data in a row
Separate Tables: Order, Customer, Location, Product, Order Line Detail, Contact at
Location
Object Oriented
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1990’s – present
Subject oriented, slow to gain adoption, slow performance
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Objects: Order and Customer
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Database Terminology
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Logical Design
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Physical Design – User View
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Entities – things about which information needs to
be known or held
Relationships – Connectors between appropriate
data
Tables - Columns and Rows
Keys - Primary and Foreign
Tables are linked by Keys
Major Core
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Data Model
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Computational Model
Query Optimizer
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Database Components
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Major Core Functionality
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Data Model
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Computational Model
Query Optimizer
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Security Module
Components
 Tables
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Constraints – eg. Zip code must be 5 integers,
mandatory
Defaults – eg. blank or null on Middle Initial
Indexes – Table and View
User-defined data types
Keys
Views
User-defined functions
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Triggers
Stored procedures
Database Career Roles
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Database Designer
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DBA – Database Administrator
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Data Architect
Database Modeler
Intended responsibilities
Current Role Definition
Business User
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Business Intelligence
Data Analyst
System Development Lifecycle
Where Data and Code Interact
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Strategic Analysis
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Data Model
Functional Decomposition
Detailed Analysis
Design
Code
Test
Production
Cost of Making A Change
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Strategic Analysis
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$
1 xn
Data Model
Functional Decomposition
Detailed Analysis
Design
Code
Test
Production
$
5
$ 50
$ 100
$ 500
$1000
xn
xn
xn
xn
xn
Data Modeling
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HIPO Charts
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IBM – Hierarchical Input/Output Diagrams
Gane-Sarson – DFD (Data Flow Diagram)
Entity / Relationship Modeling
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IDEFIX Standards
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Express-G
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System Architect
Oracle’s CASE Method
Microsoft’s Visio
Standard for Exchange of Product Model Data
Object Role Modeling – ORM
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Microsoft’s Visio
Relational Model
What is 1st, 2nd, 3rd Normal Form?
What is Normalization?
• Remove
repeating
Groups
Order
• Remove
dependencies
• Cater for Time
Customer
Product
Normalization
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First normal form (1NF)
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Second normal form (2NF)
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Each column in a table that is not a determiner of the contents of another
column must itself be a function of the other columns in the table
For example, in a table with three columns containing customer ID,
product sold, and price of the product when sold, the price would be a
function of the customer ID (entitled to a discount) and the specific
product
Third normal form (3NF)
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It contains two-dimensional tables with rows and columns.
Each column corresponds to a sub-object or an attribute of the object
represented by the entire table
Each row represents a unique instance of that sub-object or attribute and
must be different in some way from any other row (that is, no duplicate
rows are possible).
All entries in any column must be of the same kind
For example, using the customer table just cited, removing a row
describing a customer purchase (because of a return perhaps) will also
remove the fact that the product has a certain price
In the third normal form, these tables would be divided into two tables so
that product pricing would be tracked separately.
Domain/key normal form (0NF)
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A key uniquely identifies each row in a table. A domain is the set of
permissible values for an attribute. By enforcing key and domain
restrictions, the database is assured of being freed from modification
anomalies
Relational Model Example
supplied via
for
Order
Detail
on
Order
place
by
Product
of
responsible for
Contact
subject of
with
Customer
employer
of
Product
Type
Object Oriented Modeling
Shapes:
entity
value
• Objects
• Entity
• Value
• Constraints
• Connectors
• Mandatory
• Uniqueness
• Predicates
• Roles
Database Vendors
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Flat Files
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1970’s – present
IBM’s IMS is still in use
Relational (RDBMS) 1980’s – present
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All file systems start out as flat
Hierarchical
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1960’s – present
IBM – DB/2, UDB (Universal Database), Informix
Oracle – Oracle 7.x
Microsoft – SQL Server 2000
Sybase – Dynamic SQL
Computer Associates – OpenIngres
Object Oriented (ODBMS) 1990’s – present
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Computer Associates - Jasmine
Gemstone
O2
Object Store
Objectivity
Versant ODBMS
IBM – Informix Illustra
Former Relational Database
Vendors
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Ingres
Informix
Unify
Cullinet
Dec Digital – RDB
Verity
Natural Language
Relational Market Share
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Gartner perspective 2002
 Based on
Revenue
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IBM
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25%
29%
50%
5%
3%
5%
2%
SQL Server 2000
Sybase
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30%
Oracle 7.x
Microsoft
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20%
DB/2, UDB (Universal Database)
Acquired Informix to gain lead
Oracle
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31%
Units
Dynamic SQL
Computer Associates
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OpenIngres
Relational Database Vendors
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IBM
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IMS – 1960’s, transactional, still in use
DB/2 – implemented around 1990
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Initially, Mainframe based
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Data Management
On Version 8.1
AS/400 – UDB
DB2 for Linux
Different code one each platform
Market share: 31%
Relational Database Vendors
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Oracle
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IPO 1986, founded in 1977
Project Oracle to get funding (CIA)
Implemented IBM’s “System R” Paper
Core to their business applications
Multi-Platform is business goal
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Market share: 30%
Several product offerings to buy
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Unix, Linux, Mainframe, Windows, etc.
Oracle 9i
SQL Plus, Report Writer, Discoverer, Oracle Developer
Suite
Applications
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Oracle Financials - Oracle 11i
Oracle Collaboration Suite
E-Business Suite
Microsoft SQL Server History
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Not a Database Company at IPO in 1986
History
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1992: Beginning of SQL Server on Windows®
1996: SQL Server 6.5 Ships
1998: SQL Server 7.0 released – complete rewrite
2000: SQL Server 2000 w. Data Warehousing
2001: SQL Server Wins Numerous Awards
Scaleable from pocket pc to Intel Mainframe – but only
on Windows
Market share: 25% based on Revenue
All components in one box for single price
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Transactional, OLAP, Data Transformation
Notification Services, Reporting Services
Data Warehouse
First to support XML – no extra charge
Retail Price Comparison
# of
CPUs
ORACLE
Enterprise
SQL Server
Enterprise
IBM
Enterprise
4
$320,000
$79,996
$82,000
8
$640,000
$159,992
$164,000
16
$1,280,000
$319,984
$328,000
32
$2,560,000
*
$639,968
**
$656,000
***
* Oracle - Additional for Reports, Data Warehouse,
** Microsoft - All Services in one price
*** IBM - Different pricing depending on platform
Market Innovation
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The Big 3
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Oracle Corporation
IBM
Microsoft
Transactional Databases
Data Warehouses
Data Analysis – Business Intelligence
XML support
Full Text Search
XML
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Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, very
flexible text format derived from SGML (ISO 8879).
Originally designed to meet the challenges of largescale electronic publishing
XML is also playing an increasingly important role in
the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web
and elsewhere
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second
Edition)
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W3C Recommendation 6 October 2000
Leading the Web to Its Full Potential...
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Working Groups
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XML Coordination Group
XML Core Working Group
XSL Working Group
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Extensible Stylesheet Language
XML Linking Working Group
XML Query Working Group
XML Schema Working Group
http://www.w3.org/
A SQL Query
Select ACO.Name 'Owner Name', ACC.Name 'Region Name', ACB.Name
'Site Name'
From AtriumComponent ACO
Join AtriumComponent ACC On ACC.ContainerKey = ACO.ComponentId
Join AtriumComponent ACB On ACB.ContainerKey = ACC.ComponentId
Where ACO.ContainerKey = -1
Order By ACO.Name, ACC.Name, ACB.Name
For XML Auto Query
Select ACO.Name, ACC.Name, ACB.Name From
AtriumComponent ACO
Join AtriumComponent ACC On ACC.ContainerKey
= ACO.ComponentId
Join AtriumComponent ACB On ACB.ContainerKey
= ACC.ComponentId
Where ACO.ContainerKey = -1
Order By ACO.Name, ACC.Name, ACB.Name
For XML AUTO
Query Results
Owner Name
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Atrium Music Stores
38
Atrium Music Stores
39
Atrium Music Stores
41
Atrium Music Stores
34
Atrium Music Stores
37
Atrium Music Stores
42
Atrium Music Stores
44
(7 row(s) affected)
Region Name
Site Name
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------Eastern Region
Atrium Music Store
Eastern Region
Atrium Music Store
Eastern Region
Atrium Music Store
Western Region
Atrium Music Store
Western Region
Atrium Music Store
Western Region
Atrium Music Store
Western Region
Atrium Music Store