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IBM Software Group
DB2 Version 9.1 Overview
Keith E. Gardenhire
keithgar@us.ibm.com
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Objectives
 DB2 Version 9.1 Packaging
 Partitioning
 Autonomic Computing
 Throttling Utilities
 XML
 LBAC
IBM Confidential
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Packaged Features
Compared
Oracle





Oracle Lite
– Windows CE, Palm, EPOC, Windows 95/98/NT
Oracle Personal Edition
– Windows
Oracle Standard Edition
– Windows CE, LINUX (2 dist.), AIX, HP-UX, HP Compaq, Solaris, Tru64
Oracle Enterprise Edition
– Windows CE, LINUX (2 dist.), AIX, HP-UX, HP Compaq, Solaris, Tru64
Oracle Real Application Clusters
– Windows CE, LINUX (2 dist.), AIX, HP-UX, HP Compaq, Solaris, Tru64
DB2





DB2 Everyplace
–
Windows CE, Palm, EPOC, Windows XP/Tablet PC, QNX Neutrino, Symbian, Embedded
LINUX
DB2 Personal Edition
–
Windows, LINUX (200 dist.)
DB2 Express-C
– Windows, Linux
DB2 Workgroup Server Edition
– Windows, LINUX (200 dist.), AIX, HP-UX, Solaris
DB2 Enterprise Server Edition
– Windows, LINUX (200 dist.), AIX, HP-UX, Solaris, LINUX/390
– Database Partitioning Feature optional purchase DPF
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© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Partitioning
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Table Partitioning in DB2 LUW
 Partition a table by range
 Each range can be in a different tablespace
 Ranges can be scanned independently
 Use new ALTER ATTACH/DETACH statements for
roll-in/roll-out
JAN
FEB
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MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Data Placement - Grand Unification
 Three ways to spread data
– DISTRIBUTE BY HASH - currently in EEE/DPF
– PARTITION BY RANGE – aka table partitioning
– ORGANIZE BY DIMENSIONS – aka MDC
Node 1
Node 2
Node 3
T1 Distributed across 3 database partitions
Distribute
TS1
TS2
TS1
TS2
TS1
TS2
Jan
Feb
Jan
Feb
Jan
Feb
North South
North South
North South
North South
North South
North South
East West
East West
East West
East West
East West
East West
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Partition
Organize
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Defining Ranges (Long Syntax)
 Use STARTING … ENDING … to specify ranges
CREATE TABLE sales(sale_date DATE, customer INT, …)
PARTITION BY RANGE(sale_date)
(Partition Sales1Q2000 STARTING ‘1/1/2000’ in DMS01,
Partition Sales2Q2000 STARTING ‘4/1/2000’ in DMS02,
Partition Sales3Q2000 STARTING ‘7/1/2000’ in DMS03,
Partition SalesEND
STARTING ‘10/1/2000’ ENDING
’12/31/2004’ in DMS04);
 Creates 4 ranges
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Creating a Range Partitioned Table
 Short and Long Forms
 Partitioning column(s)
 Must be base types (eg. No LOBS,
LONG VARCHARS)
 Can specify multiple columns
 Can specify generated columns
 Notes
 Special values, MINVALUE,
MAXVALUE can be used to specify
open ended ranges, eg:
CREATE TABLE t1 …
(STARTING(MINVALUE)
ENDING(MAXVALUE) …
tbsp1
tbsp2
tbsp3
1 <= c1 < 34
34 <= c1 < 67
67 <= c1 <= 100
t1.p1
t1.p2
t1.p3
Short Form
CREATE TABLE t1(c1 INT)
IN tbsp1, tbsp2, tbsp3
PARTITION BY RANGE(c1)
(STARTING FROM (1) ENDING( 100) EVERY (33))
Long Form
CREATE TABLE t1(c1 INT)
PARTITION BY RANGE(a)
(STARTING FROM (1) ENDING(34)IN tbsp1,
ENDING(67) IN tbsp2,
ENDING(100) IN tbsp3)
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Storage Mapping: Indexes are Global in DB2 9
 Indexes are global (in DB2 9)
 Each index is in a separate storage
object
By default, in the same tablespace as
the first data partition
Can be created in different
tablespaces, via
• INDEX IN clause on CREATE TABLE
(default is tablespace of first partition)
• New IN clause on CREATE INDEX
• Recommendation
• Place indexes in LARGE tablespaces
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tbsp1
t1.p1
tbsp4
tbsp5
i1
i2
tbsp2
t1.p2
tbsp3
t1.p3
CREATE TABLE t1(c1 INT, c2 INT, …)
IN tbsp1, tbsp2, tbsp3
INDEX IN tbsp4
PARTITION BY RANGE(a)
(STARTING FROM (1) ENDING (100)
EVERY (33))
CREATE INDEX i1(c1)
CREATE INDEX i2 (c2) IN tbsp5
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Adding New Ranges
 Use ALTER ADD to add new ranges to an existing
partitioned table
ALTER TABLE sales ADD PARTITION
STARTING ‘1/1/2001’ ENDING ‘3/31/2001’ IN
TBSPACE1;
 Creates a new empty range in TBSPACE1
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© 2006 IBM Corporation
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Roll-In
 Load data into a separate table
 Perform any data transformation, cleansing
 ATTACH it to partitioned table
 Use SET INTEGRITY to accomplish
– Index maintenance
– Checking of range and other constraints
– MQT maintenance
– Generated column maintenance
 Table is online through out process except for ATTACH
 New data becomes visible at end of SET INTEGRITY
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Roll-Out
 Use DETACH to roll-out a range of data
– Rolled-out data is available in a new, separate table
– Data disappears from view immediately upon DETACH
 Rolled-out data can be dropped, archived, moved
to HSM
 Queries are drained and table locked by DETACH
 Dependent MQTs go offline and need to be
refreshed via SET INTEGRITY
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A Partition Table
 Table may have 32767 partitions
 Backup and Restore individual partitions
 Indexes may be placed in separate tablespaces
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Autonomic Computing
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Autonomic Management
Automatic Database Setup Wizard
 Creates a New
database on Disk
 Configures new
database for
performance
 Turns on automatic
maintenance and
health monitoring
 Configures
notification by email or pager
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Control Center Support Throttle Utilities
 Allows DBA to reduce impact of running resource-intensive
utilities on operational workload
• Backup, Rebalance, Runstats
 Support settling and display for utility execution priority for
the supported utilities:
– backup, rebalance (and reorg, load and
runstats)
– set priority in utility dialogs
– set priority in SHOW COMMAND
 Display priority of executing utilities in Task Center and the
current priority set for the session
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Autonomic Technology Thoughts
 Automatic configuration of Databases
– Invoke configuration advisors on CREATE DATABASE
– Make the defaults intelligent
• Based on environment
• “Good” DBAs can override values
 Adaptive Self Tuning
– Memory
– Sort heaps, bufferpools, package cache, lock list
– Maximize usage of resources to
– achieve
optimal performance
BenefitPerPage
Interval
Interval
Tuner
Tuner
DB2
Clients
Step Tuner
Model
Model
Builder
Builder
Accurate
Accurate
Y
MIMO
MIMO
Control
ControlAlgorithm
Algorithm
N
Entry Size
Memory
Statistics
Collector
Greedy
(Constraint)
Fixed
Step
4-Bit
(Oscillation)
Entry
Size
DB2 UDB
Server
BenefitPerPage
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DB2’s database memory model – shared memory

All memory heaps are
contained within the database
shared memory set
– On non-Windows platforms
the set memory is all
allocated at database
startup and can not grow
beyond its allocated size
– On Windows the memory is
allocated at startup but can
grow or shrink as needed
IBM Confidential

On 32 bit platforms set size is
limited

On 64 bit platforms set size
virtually unlimited
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Autonomic Technology – Additional Thoughts
Automatic Storage Provisioning

Greatly simplify the task of apportioning storage for DB2 logs
and data
– Administrator control, if desired
– Dynamic allocation
– Policy specification allows refinement of
behaviour
Progressive Re-optimization

Evolve from statistical profiles (V8.2) to adaptive runtime
learning and improvement
– “The learning optimizer” (LEO)
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STMM and the buffer pools

Trades memory between buffer pools based on relative need
– New metrics determine where memory is most needed such that
total system time is reduced

Zero, one or more buffer pools can be set to AUTOMATIC
– In newly created Viper databases, all buffer pools default to
AUTOMATIC

Works with buffer pools of any page size
– Transfers from a buffer pool with 8 k pages to one with 4 k are 1:2

Decreasing the buffer pools can take a lot of time
– Must write out all dirty pages in memory being freed
– If pages are in use the resize may wait on locks
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STMM and DATABASE_MEMORY
 STMM tunes DATABASE_MEMORY if it is set to AUTOMATIC or a
numeric value
– If set to AUTOMATIC, memory is taken from, and
returned to, the OS if required by the database
• DBA need not know how much memory to allocate to DB2
• This is the default for newly created Viper databases
– If set to a numeric value, memory is given to
AUTOMATIC heaps up to the numeric value
• Allows DBA to set total memory consumption for the database
• DB2 will then distribute the memory to optimize performance
– If set to COMPUTED, no DATABASE_MEMORY
tuning will occur
• When database starts, memory requirements are computed based on
the heap configuration
• Once the database starts, the database shared memory set is
allocated based on the computation
© 2006 IBM Corporation
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• Confidential
Version 8 AUTOMATIC behavior
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Tailoring STMM with DPF
 If SELF_TUNING_MEMORY is off at a particular node, no
tuning will occur
– Tuning should be turned off for atypical nodes
• Catalog nodes with no data
• Coordinator nodes that don’t directly process queries
 Tuning can be turned off for one or more parameters on any
given node
– If STMM configuration update arrives at a node and that
parameter isn’t set to AUTOMATIC at that node, nothing
changes
– Only parameters set to AUTOMATIC on the tuning node will
generate configuration updates
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Single Point of Storage Management (SPSM)
 A concept that is made up of three distinct features available in
DB2 V8.2.2
V8.2.2
– Storage paths that are pre-defined for a database
– Automatic storage table spaces whereby DB2 will create the table space
containers on the storage paths defined for the database
– The ability for DB2 to automatically extend existing containers (or create
new ones) as the table space fills up
 What DBAs are going to like?
– The ability to auto-extend a DMS file table space
• The simplicity of SMS and the power and flexibility on DMS
• SAP uses DMS table spaces but want to offer users more “ease of use”
characteristics
– The ability to provide a single point of storage management for the
database
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Automatic Storage Examples
 Single point of storage
V8.2.2
– For existing database
• auto grow tablespaces
ALTER TABLESPACE TOR#BTABD AUTORESIZE YES INCREASESIZE
50 M
– For new databases
• Specify storage areas for DB2 to automatically create tablespace
containers - paths
• Ability to specify initialize and growth size
CREATE DATABASE TOR
AUTOMATIC STORAGE YES ON
/db2/TOR/storagepath001,
/db2/TOR/storagepath002,
/db2/TOR/storagepath003
AUTORESIZE YES
INITIALSIZE 5 G
INCREASESIZE 100 M
MAXSIZE NONE
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© 2006 IBM Corporation
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XML
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
What is XML?
XML Technology
XML = Extensible Markup Language
Self-describing data structures
XML Tags describe each element and their attributes
<?xml version=”1.0" encoding=”UTF-8"
standalone=”yes” ?>
<artbio>
<name>Tyrone Davis</name>
<type>Rhythm and Blues</type>
</artbio>
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<? xml version=“1.0” ?>
<purchaseOrder id=‘12345” secretKey=‘4x%$^’>
<customer id=“A6789”>
<name>John Smith Co</name>
<address>
<street>1234 W. Main St</street>
<city>Toledo</city>
<state>OH</state>
<zip>95141</zip>
</address>
</customer>
<itemList>
<item>
<partNo>A54</partNo>
<quantity>12</quantity>
</item>
<item>
<partNo>985</partno>
<quantity>1</quantity>
</item>
</itemList>
</purchaseOrder>
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Integration of XML & Relational Capabilities
– Applications combine XML & relational data
– Native XML data type (server & client side)
– XML Capabilities in all DB2 components
DB2 SERVER
CLIENT
DB2 Client /
Customer Client
Application
SQL/XML
Relational
Interface
XQuery
XML
Interface
27
DB2 Storage:
DB2
Engine
Relational
XML
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Native XML Storage
 DB2 will store XML in parsed hierarchical format
(similar to the DOM representation)
 “Native” = the best-suited on-disk representation of XML
create table dept (deptID char(8),…, doc xml);
 Relational columns
are stored in relational
format
 XML columns are
stored natively
 All XML data is stored
in XML-typed columns
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XMLTable: make table from XML
SELECT X.* from
XMLTABLE (‘db2-fn:xmlcolumn(“PORDERS.PO”)//customer’
COLUMNS
“CID”
INTEGER
PATH ‘@id’,
“Name”
VARCHAR(30) PATH ‘name’,
“ZipType” CHAR(2)
PATH ‘zip/@type’,
“Zip”
XML
PATH ‘zip’
) AS “X”
CID
Name
ZipType
Zip
1325
Bobby
US
<zip>33129<zip>
4711
Henrik
US
<zip>95023<zip>
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The FLWOR Expression
 FOR: iterates through a sequence, binding variable to items
 LET: binds a variable to a sequence
 WHERE: eliminates items of the iteration
 ORDER: reorders items of the iteration
 RETURN: constructs query results
FOR $movie in db2-fn:xmlcolumn(‘table1.movies’)
<movie>
LET $actors := $movie//actor
<title>Chicago</title>
WHERE $movie/duration > 90
<actor>Renee Zellweger</actor>
ORDER by $movie/@year
<actor>Richard Gere</actor>
RETURN <movie>
<actor>Catherine Zeta-Jones</actor>
{$movie/title, $actors}
</movie>
</movie>
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Objective
 Data Row Compression Concepts
 DDL
 Creating Compression Dictionary table
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Data Row Compression Concepts
Dictionary Based
Data compressed: Disk, Buffer pools and logs
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Row Compression Using a Compression Dictionary
 Repeating patterns within the data (and just within
each row) is the key to good compression. Text data
tends to compress well because of reoccurring strings
as well as data with lots of repeating characters,
leading or trailing blanks
Fred
Name
Dept
Salary
City
State
ZipCode
Fred
500
10000
Plano
TX
24355
John
500
20000
Plano
TX
24355
500
10000
Plano
TX
24355
John
500
20000
Plano
TX
…
24355
Dictionary
Fred
(01)
10000
(02)
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John
(01)
20000
(02)
…
01
Dept 500
02
Plano, TX, 24355
…
…
© 2006 IBM Corporation
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Row Compression Dictionary
 Compression dictionary
– Stores common sequences of
consecutive bytes in a row
Data Page
Dictionary
• Such sequences can span
consecutive columns
– A table must have a compression
dictionary before rows can be
compressed
Data Page
Dictionary
 Compression dictionary storage
– Directly in table partition
– In special, internal, non-selectable
rows which are linked together
Data Page
– Typically on the order of 100KB
Dictionary
 Compression dictionary creation
– In initial release, requires noninplace REORG
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Data Page
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Table DDL for Compression
CREATE TABLE tablename
( col1 datatype, …)
COMPRESS NO
COMPRESS YES
ALTER TABLE tablename
COMPRESS NO
COMPRESS YES
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Dictionary Building using Offline Reorg
REORG < table name >
INDEX < index name >
ALLOW READ ACCESS
ALLOW NO ACCESS
USE <tablespace name >
KEEPDICTIONARY
LONGLOBDATA
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RESETDICTIONARY
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Compression Estimation Utility
INSPECT ROWCOMPESTIMATE TABLE NAME table-name
RESULTS KEEP file-name
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DB2 Compression Estimator
Product used to estimate compression savings.
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DB2 Compression Estimator the Results
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Compression Facts
DPF supports compression
Replication does not support compression
XML column data is not compressed.
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Security
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Security - Label Based Access Control
 Label Based Access Control (LBAC)
– A “label” is associated with both user sessions and data rows
– Rules for comparing users and data labels provide allow
access controls to be applied at the row level
 Labels may consist of multiple components
– Hierarchical, group or tree types
– Row labels appear as a single additional column in a protected
table, regardless of the number of label components
– User labels are granted by a security administrator
 Similar to the label security support in DB2 for z/OS v8
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LBAC Query
SELECT * FROM EMP
WHERE
SALARY >= 50000
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No LBAC
Top Secret
Secret
Employee
ID
SALARY
255
60000
100
50000
50
70000
50
45000
60
30000
250
56000
102
82000
100
54000
75
33000
253
46000
90
83000
200
78000
© 2006 IBM Corporation
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Database Design
© 2006 IBM Corporation
IBM Software Group
Large Row Identifiers
 Increase In table size limits and rows per page
– Tablespace level definition
– DMS Tablespace only
 ALTER TABLESPACE <name> CONVERT TO
LARGE
– Tablespace is locked, definition is modified and
catalogues are updated
– Every index for every table will be marked bad
– Indices will have will be rebuilt on first table access
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Current Tablespace Design
4
64G
8
128G
16
256G
32
512G
Tablespace Size
Pagesize
255
16M
4x109 Rows
Row ID (RID)
4 Bytes
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New Tablespace Design
4
2T
8
4T
16
8T
32
16T
Tablespace Size
Pagesize
3K
512M
1.5x1012 Rows
Row ID (RID)
6 Bytes
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Rows on a Page
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Miscellaneous
© 2006 IBM Corporation
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Copy Schema
 Stored Procedure ADMIN_COPY_SCHEMA
 Copy and Create Schema
 Stored Procedure ADMIN_DROP_SCHEMA
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New SQL Functions
 TRIM
 STRIP
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Summary
 Package Features
 Partitioning
 XML
 Compression
 Autonomic Computing
 LBAC
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© 2006 IBM Corporation
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Education Sessions
DB2 Version 9.1 Database Administration for the Oracle DBA seminar
January 23 – 24, 2007
DB2 Version 9.1 LBAC (Label Based Access Control) Multi-Level Security
for the Distributed Platforms January 25, 2007
DB2 Version 9.1 Stored Procedures, Development Center and XML seminar
January 26, 2007
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© 2006 IBM Corporation