Download Oracle10g Changes in Initialization and Data Dictionary

Welcome to Oracle 10g
Data Dictionary and
Initialization Parameters
Paper 520
Presentation by Ari Kaplan
CEO, Expand Beyond Corporation
www.xb.com
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Agenda
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Server parameter file
Summary
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10g Details
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Server Manageability
Database Self-Management
Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
Database Automatic Statistics
Object Management
Backup and Recovery
High Availability
Security
Tips
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New initialization parameters
New static data dictionary views
New dynamic data dictionary views
New columns in existing data dictionary views
ALTER SYSTEM
Viewing undocumented parameters
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The SPFILE
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“Server Parameter” file
Stored on server
Binary, rather than text
Can maintain dynamic changes to
parameter values
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The SPFILE
• Example 1:
CREATE SPFILE FROM
PFILE=‘/u01/oracle/dbs/initPROD.ora’
• Example 2:
CREATE SPFILE ‘/u01/oracle/dbs/spfilePROD.ora’
FROM PFILE=‘/u01/oracle/dbs/initPROD.ora’
• Must have SYSDBA or SYSOPER privileges
SQLPLUS> SHOW PARAMETERS SPFILE
/u01/oracle/dbs/spfilePROD.ora
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The SPFILE
• 9iR2 RMAN:
BACKUP is used to back-up the SPFILE
- RMAN backs up the SPFILE in the backup set
If the SPFILE is lost / damaged, use RESTORE
SPFILE:
- Start the instance without the SPFILE
- Run RESTORE SPFILE in RMAN
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The SPFILE
• *SPPARAMETER – contents of the SPFILE
• *RMAN_CONFIGURATION - maintain the
persistent configuration parameters for RMAN,
the standard Oracle backup and recovery utility
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Initialization Parameter History
• Oracle 10g
– 27 new parameters
– 10 marked “ISDEPRECATED”
– 110 in V$OBSOLETE_PARAMETER
• Oracle 9iR1
– 46 new parameters
– 16 obsolete
– 3 renamed
• Oracle 8.1
– 28 new parameters
– 62 obsolete
• Oracle 8.0
– 75 new parameters
– 26 obsolete
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10g Initialization Parameters
• New V$PARAMETER columns
– ISDEPRECATED (10 parameters are TRUE)
• buffer_pool_keep
drs_start
• fast_start_io_target
log_archive_start
• max_enabled_roles
parallel_server
• parallel_server_instances
buffer_pool_recycle
global_context_pool_size
parallel_automatic_tuning
plsql_compiler_flags
– ISINSTANCE_MODIFIABLE (144 TRUE, 112 FALSE): for clustered
databases such as RAC, this shows if the parameter can be modified on global
(TRUE) or local (FALSE)
• Examples of FALSE: spfile, sessions, processes, sessions, dml_locks, utl_file_dir, …
• Examples of TRUE: sga_target, cpu_count, shared_pool_size, log_archive_dest,
undo_retention, statistics_level, …
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– DISPLAY_VALUE: displays data slightly better in some cases. For example,
db_cache_size’s VALUE=25165824 and DISPLAY_VALUE=24M
db_recovery_file_dest_size’s VALUE=2147483648 and DISPLAY_VALUE=2G
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10g initialization parameters
In 10g, the init parameters are broken into:
– “BASIC”, with 29 parameters that should be
modified for tuning
– “ADVANCED” for the fine-tuning of databases
and to keep us all employed. This is a nice
reduction in the number of parameters. For
example, shared server environments are handled
by Oracle (SHARED_SERVERS init parameter, no
longer the DISPATCHER init parameter)
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10g initialization parameters
• “Basic” parameters:
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CLUSTER_DATABASE
COMPATIBLE
CONTROL_FILES
DB_BLOCK_SIZE
DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST
DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_n
DB_DOMAIN
DB_NAME
DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE
DB_UNIQUE_NAME
INSTANCE_NUMBER
JOB_QUEUE_PROCESSES
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LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_n
NLS_LANGUAGE, NLS_TERRITORY
OPEN_CURSORS
PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET
PROCESSES
REMOTE_LISTENER
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE
ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS
SESSIONS
SGA_TARGET
SHARED_SERVERS
STAR_TRANSFORMATION_ENABLED
UNDO_MANAGEMENT
UNDO_TABLESPACE
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New 10g initialization parameters
• New 10g parameters (to be discussed later):
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asm_diskgroups
asm_diskstring
asm_power_limit
create_stored_outlines
db_flashback_retention_target
db_recovery_file_dest
db_recovery_file_dest_size
db_unique_name
ddl_wait_for_locks
fileio_network_adapters
gcs_server_processes
instance_type
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ldap_directory_access
log_archive_config
log_archive_local_first
plsql_code_type
plsql_debug
plsql_optimize_level
plsql_warnings
resumable_timeout
sga_target
skip_unusable_indexes
smtp_out_server
sqltune_category
streams_pool_size
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Static Data Dictionary History
•
Oracle 10g
– 497 new static tables
• 295 SYS
• 202 non-SYS
– 127 deprecated static tables
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Oracle 9iR2
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Oracle 9iR1
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166 new static views
113 existing views with changed columns
Oracle 8.0
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96 new static views
117 existing views with changed columns
Oracle 8.1
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64 new static views
119 new static views
72 existing views with changed columns
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10g Static Data Dictionary
• Deprecated tables (from Oracle9iR2):
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46 AQ
22 ODM
- 6 Census
- 11 QA
- 10 CWM2 - 10 LBAC
- 6 SA
• New tables (from Oracle9iR2):
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295 SYS (OLAP, AQ, Streams, DIR, WRI / WRH, Rule_Set, Scheduler, …)
7 SYSTEM
7 DBSNMP
15 WMSYS
15 EXFSYS
3 ORDSYS
17 MDSYS
1 XDB
73 OLAPSYS
43 DMSYS
5 CTXSYS
12 WKSYS
12 WK_TEST
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Static Data Dictionary Views
• All following views have USER_, ALL_
and DBA_ versions, unless otherwise noted
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Dynamic Data Dictionary History
• Oracle 10g
– 671 new dynamic SYS views
– 275 new dynamic non-SYS views (OLAPSYS, ORDSYS, DMSYS, etc.)
– 227 deprecated dynamic views
• Oracle 9iR2
– 4 new v$views
• Oracle 9iR1
– 69 new V$ views
– 64 renamed V$ views
• Oracle 8.1
– 84 new V$ views
– 35 existing views with changed columns
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Oracle 8.0
– 180 new V$ views
– 20 existing views with changed columns
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10g Dynamic Data Dictionary
• Deprecated views in Oracle 10g (from Oracle9iR2):
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101 EXU7
13 DBA_LBAC
- 18 DBA_SA_
- 30 AQ$
- 18 ALL_SA_
• New SYS views in Oracle 10g (from Oracle9iR2):
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- 16 AQ$* views
- 2 DATABASE_
- 173 DBA*_
- 27 DBA_ADVISOR_*
- 15 DBA_SCHEDULER*_
- 22 EXU10*
- 76 GV_$*
- USER_
- 77 V_$*
New non-SYS Views in Oracle 10g (from Oracle9iR2):
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6 ALL_* views
6 DATAPUMP_
64 DBA_HIST_*
7 DBA_STREAMS*_
97 KU$_*
91 OLAPSYS
5 ORDSYS
71 DMSYS
- 42 WMSYS
- 9 MDSYS
- 7 CTXSYS
- 32 EXFSYS
- 6 WK_TEST
- 12 WKSYS
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Dynamic views
• V$ and GV$
• Can extract individual node from GV$ view
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Server Manageability
10g provides for easier installation, configuration, management (and dropping!) of databases.
Much improved Oracle Enterprise Manager
Automatically configure RAC clustered environments
Automatic Storage Management (this was part of Oracle 9i, but there are additional
improvements in 10g): new volume manager for Oracle-based files. Oracle attempts to optimally
create and distribute datafiles, log files, and controlfiles. Mirroring and available disks are taken into
consideration, and Oracle can redistribute the files for balancing if there are I/O bottlenecks.
Transparent gateway: use SELECT to refer to remote functions in non-Oracle databases.
10g Initialization Parameters:
– instance_type
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Description from V$PARAMETER
type of instance to be executed
Default Value
rdbms
Notes
Two values: RDBMS for a database instance, ASM for an
Automatic Storage instance
Example
ASM
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Server Manageability
•
10g Initialization Parameters:
– asm_diskgroups
Description from V$PARAMETER
disk groups to mount automatically
Default Value
{null}
Notes
List of disk groups for the ASM to mount at STARTUP or
“ALTER_DISKGROUP ALL MOUNT”. Oracle dynamically
modifies this parameter when disk groups are mounted/dismounted
Example
Group1, Group2
– asm_diskstring
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Description from V$PARAMETER
disk set locations for discovery
Default Value
{null}
Notes
Oracle uses this parameter to perform automatic discoveries for which
disks are available. The instance needs read/write access to the directory
to be considered.
Example
/dev1, /dev2
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Server Manageability
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10g Initialization Parameters:
– asm_power_limit
Description from V$PARAMETER
number of processes for disk rebalancing
Default Value
1
Notes
ASM power for automatic disk rebalancing. This is on a scale of 1 to
11. 1 takes longer but consumes fewer CPU and i/o resources. 11 is
faster but consumes more CPU and i/o.
Example
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– fileio_network_adapters
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Description from V$PARAMETER
Network Adapters for File I/O
Default Value
{null}
Notes
Lists the addresses of network adapters to access disks. Useful for NAS
(network attached storage).
Example
otn1.oracle.com, adapt2.ebay.com, …
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Database Self-Management
• Automatic Workload Repository: a set of tables that is a repository of
workload statistics, enabling Oracle 10G to self-manage. Querying against this
repository is a wealth of information, analogous to the BSTAT/ESTAT and
tracing options for tuning in Oracle 9. Stored in a separate repository database
with OEM.
• 10g Views: New columns:
– V$AW_CALC (SESSION_ID, CURR_DML_COMMAND,
PREV_DML_COMMAND, AGGR_FUNC_LOGICAL_NA,
AGGR_FUNC_LOGICAL_NA, AGGR_FUNC_PRECOMPUTE,
AGGR_FUNC_CALCS)
– V$AW_SESSION_INFO: new columns (SESSION_ID)
• Automatic Storage Management: (previously described)
• Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor: Oracle 10G self-analyzes its
performance, looks for bottlenecks, and can automatically adjust database
configuration.
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Database Self-Management
• Automatic UNDO RETENTION tuning: Oracle 10G can dynamically adjust
the init parameter UNDO_RETENTION, which looks at the space in the
UNDO tablespaces and automatically adjusts as new SQL queries are executed.
This helps to avoid the “snapshot too old” errors.
• 10g Views:
– V$UNDOSTAT: new columns
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MAXQUERYID
ACTIVEBLKS
UNEXPIREDBLKS
EXPIREDBLKS
TUNED_UNDORETENTION
• Automatic Checkpoint tuning: Oracle 10G self-tunes checkpoint frequencies
to optimize recovery time.
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Database Self-Management
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Users can now have more than one TEMP tablespace defined with a “tablespace group”, so creating
large objects such as indexes or running large GROUP BY or DISTINCT queries can spill into
additional TEMP tablespaces without failing as in Oracle 9 and earlier versions.
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SGA:
10g Initialization Parameter:
– sga_target
Description from V$PARAMETER
Target size of SGA
Default Value
0
Notes
Total size of DB_CACHE_SIZE, SHARED_POOL_SIZE,
LARGE_POOL_SIZE, and JAVA_POOL_SIZE. Oracle’s ASM
(Automatic Shared Memory) automatically and dynamically adjusts the
SGA components during runtime. Additional pools are not affected: log
buffer, KEEP/RECYCLE buffer cache, and Oracle Streams pool.
Example
• Cache:
500M
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10g View: V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE new columns:
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ESTD_PHYSICAL_READ_TIME
ESTD_PCT_OF_DB_TIME_FOR_READS
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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
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SGA:
Fixed SGA Size, Redo Buffers, Buffer Cache Size, Shared Pool Size, Large Pool Size, Java
Pool Size, Granule Size, Maximum SGA Size, Free SGA Memory Available
10g Initialization Parameters:
– BUFFER_CACHE and SHARED_POOL_SIZE are now self-tuning
– JAVA_POOL_SIZE is now dynamic
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10g Initialization Parameter:
– STREAMS_POOL_SIZE
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Description from V$PARAMETER
size in bytes of the streams pool
Default Value
0
Notes
Size of the Streams pool in the SGA. By default this is 10% of the shared
pool.
Example
500M
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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
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SGA:
10g Views:
– New V$SGAINFO ; more high-level than V$SGASTAT
Name
Null?
Type
---------------------------------- -------- --------------------------INST_ID
NUMBER
NAME
VARCHAR2(25)
BYTES
NUMBER
RESIZEABLE
VARCHAR2(3)
– V$SGA_DYNAMIC_COMPONENTS: new column:
• USER_SPECIFIED_SIZE
– V$SHARED_POOL_ADVICE: new columns:
• ESTD_LC_LOAD_TIME
• ESTD_LC_LOAD_TIME_FACTOR
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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
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Sessions:
10g Views: V$SESSION: new columns:
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SQL_ID
SQL_CHILD_NUMBER
PREV_SQL_ID
PREV_CHILD_NUMBER
BLOCKING_SESSION_STATUS
BLOCKING_SESSION
SEQ#
EVENT#
EVENT
P1TEXT
P1
P1RAW
P2TEXT
P2
P2TAW
P3TEXT
P3
P3RAW
WAIT_CLASS_ID
WAIT_CLASS#
WAIT_CLASS
WAIT_TIME
SECONDS_IN_WAIT
STATE
SERVICE_NAME
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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
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Sessions:
V$SESSION_EVENT: new column:
– EVENT_ID
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V$SESSION_LONGOPS: new column:
– SQL_ID
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V$SESSION_WAIT: new columns:
– WAIT_CLASS_ID
– WAIT_CLASS#
– WAIT_CLASS
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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
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WAIT statistics:
10g now stores historical repository of waits, and includes better analysis capabilities to see what
sessions are waiting for.
10g Views: new column (HASH) in:
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V$LATCH
V$LATCH_CHILDREN
V$LATCH_PARENT
V$LATCHNAME
Tablespace:
Rename Tablespace: before Oracle 10G, the DBA would need to create a new tablespace, copy (or
export/import data) into the new tablespace, and drop the original tablespace. Now you can simply
RENAME the tablespace extremely quickly.
10g Views:
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DBA_TABLESPACES: new columns:
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V$TABLESPACE: new columns:
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RETENTION
BIGFILE
BIGFILE
FLASHBACK_ON
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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
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Database:
10g Views:
V$DATABASE: new columns:
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V$DATABASE_INCARNATION: new columns:
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SWITCHOVER#
PLATFORM_ID
PLATFORM_NAME
RECOVERY_TARGET_INCARNATION
LAST_OPEN_INCARNATION#
CURRENT_SCN
FLASHNACK_ON
SUPPLEMENTAL_LOG_DATA_FK
SUPPLEMENTAL_LOG_DATA_ALL
DB_UNIQUE_NAME
STANDBY_BECAME_PRIMARY_SCN
INCARNATION#
STATUS
RESETLOGS_ID
PRIOR_INCARNATION
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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
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SQL Tuning:
10g Views:
V$SQL: new columns:
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SQL_ID
PLAN_HASH_VALUE
SQL_ID
OBJECT_TYPE
QBLOCK_NAME
PLAN_HASH_VALUE
PROJECTION
REMARKS
OBJECT_ALIAS
TIME
SQL_ID
ANYDATA_TRANSFORMATION
DIFFERENT_LONG_LENGTH
BIND_UACS_DIFF
CHILD_ADDRESS
INCOMPLETE_CURSOR
LOGICAL_STANDBY_APPLY
PLSQL_CMP_SWITCHS_DIFF
CHILD_NUMBER
TOP_LEVEL_RPI_CURSOR
DIFF_CALL_DURN
SQL_FULLTEXT
SQL_ID
V$SQLAREA: new columns:
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OBJECT_ALIAS
TIME
V$SQL_SHARED_MEMORY: new columns:
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PLAN_HASH_VALUE
PROJECTION
REMARKS
V$SQL_SHARED_CURSOR: new columns:
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SQL_ID
OBJECT_TYPE
QBLOCK_NAME
V$SQL_PLAN_STATISTICS_ALL: new columns:
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END_OF_FETCH_COUNT
CONCURRENCY_WAIT_TIME
JAVA_EXEC_TIME
OLD_HASH_VALUE
PROGRAM_LINE#
V$SQL_PLAN_STATISTICS: new columns:
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SQL_ID
APPLICATION_WAIT_TIME
PLSQL_EXEC_TIME
OPTIMIZER_ENV_HASH_VALUE
PROGRAM_ID
V$SQL_PLAN: new columns:
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SQL_FULLTEXT
DIRECT_WRITES
USER_IO_WAIT_TIME
OPTIMIZER_ENV
SQL_PROFILE
SQL_ID
APPLICATION_WAIT_TIME
USER_IO_WAIT_TIME
OLD_HASH_VALUE
END_OF_FETCH_COUNT
CONCURRENCY_WAIT_TIME
PLSQL_EXEC_TIME
PROGRAM_ID
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DIRECT_WRITES
CLUSTER_WAIT_TIME
JAVA_EXEC_TIME
Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
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SQL Tuning:
10g Initialization Parameter:
– create_stored_outlines
Description from V$PARAMETER
create stored outlines for DML statements
Default Value
{null}
Notes
Tells Oracle if SQL queries automatically create outlines. TRUE creates
outlines, FALSE disables the features, and setting to {category_name} stores
the outlines linked to the specified category.
Example
FALSE
– ddl_wait_for_locks
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Description from V$PARAMETER
Disable NOWAIT DML lock acquisitions
Default Value
FALSE
Notes
TRUE – DDL statements wait to complete if there are blocking locks on
the object. FALSE – DDL statements time-out if there are blocking locks
Example
TRUE
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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
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SQL Tuning:
10g Initialization Parameter:
– resumable_timeout
Description from V$PARAMETER
set resumable_timeout
Default Value
0
Notes
Time (in seconds) SQL statements are allowed to wait before timing out.
Example
20000
– sqltune_category
Description from V$PARAMETER
Category qualifier for applying hintsets
Default Value
DEFAULT
Notes
Used with the DBMS_SQLTUNE package to connect SQL profiles for
SQL statements with tuning categories
Example
32
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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
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PL/SQL Tuning:
10g Initialization Parameter:
– plsql_code_type
Description from V$PARAMETER
PL/SQL code-type
Default Value
INTERPRETED
Notes
Tells Oracle how PL/SQL is compiled within the database. Two values:
INTERPRETED: compiles PL/SQL into bytecode
NATIVE: compiles PL/SQL into native (machine) code
Example
NATIVE
– plsql_debug
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Description from V$PARAMETER
PL/SQL debug
Default Value
FALSE
Notes
Tells Oracle if PL/SQL can be compiled for debugging purposes. Two
values:
TRUE: PL/SQL will be compiled in debugging mode. Note that this
overrides the plsql_code_type parameter to always be INTERPRETED
FALSE: PL/SQL is compiled without debugging
Example
TRUE
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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning
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PL/SQL Tuning:
10g Initialization Parameter:
– plsql_optimize_level
Description from V$PARAMETER
PL/SQL optimize level
Default Value
0
Notes
PL/SQL optimization levels during compilation. This can result in improved
compiled code. Three values:
0: compile similar to Oracle9i’s compilation
1: applies several optimization algorithms for PL/SQL compilation
2: applies the most advanced optimization
Example
2
– plsql_warnings
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Description from V$PARAMETER
PL/SQL compiler warnings settings
Default Value
DISABLE:ALL
Notes
Tells Oracle how much detail, if any, to display with warning messages during
PL/SQL compilation.
Qualifier values:
Example
ERROR SEVERE
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Database Automatic Statistics
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Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection: collects statistics for objects that are either stale or don’t have them
at all.
10g Initialization Parameter:
– Statistics_level: default is TYPICAL, and the other option is BASIC. The SMON process wakes up
every 2-3 hours, reviews the number of rows affected by INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE commands since
the last statistics gathering. This process replaces the old DBMS_STATS built-in package.
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10g Views:
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Database Advisors:
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*_TAB_MODIFICATIONS: determines which tables have stale statistics and which should be updated via
the SMON background process.
Oracle tracks usage more than Tivo. The DBA can collect data on what Oracle functions are being used
(Parallel Queries, IOTs, etc) for information and tracking.
Segment Advisor: Stores data on object growth trends and helps make DBAs with capacity planning. The
Segment Advisor also looks within tables to see if any should be defragmented. This new online
defragmentation includes reducing the highwater mark from empty blocks, or if data is out of whack with
PCTUSED / PCTFREE, tables can be rebuilt online to compact data.
Redo Log Sizing Advisor: self-explanatory
SQL Tuning Advisor, SQL Access Advisor: makes suggestions for improving the syntax of SQL
statements, the way some 3rd-party vendors did prior to Oracle 10G. Also recommends adding indexes,
materialized views, etc.
Transaction Rollback and Recovery Monitoring: predict how long a rollback will take, monitor longrunning transactions being recovered for performance.
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Object Management
Tablespaces: New SYSAUX tablespace is for system auxiliary objects. Now you do not need to put everything into
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the SYSTEM tablespace.
Object Types:New “Sorted Hash Cluster” object type. Useful to retrieve data in the exact order it was INSERTed
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Tables:
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DBA_TABLES:
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DBA_TAB_COLS: new columns (HISTOGRAM, QUALIFIED_COL_NAME)
DBA_TAB_COLUMNS: new column (HISTOGRAM)
DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS: new column (HISTOGRAM)
DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS: new column (DROP_SEGMENTS)
Indexes:
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MAXTRANS deprecated.
New columns COMPRESSION (DISABLED, ENABLED, null) and DROPPED (YES, NO)
DBA_INDEXES new columns (IOT_REDUNDANT_PKEY_ELIM, DROPPED)
10g Initialization Parameter:
– skip_unusable_indexes
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Description from V$PARAMETER
skip unusable indexes if set to TRUE
Default Value
TRUE
Notes
Two values:
TRUE: skips error reporting on indexes and index partitions and allows for
DML on base tables with UNUSABLE indexes.
FALSE: tells Oracle to return an error when DML on base tables with
UNUSABLE indexes occurs.
Example
FALSE
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LOBs:
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–
•
DBA_LOG_GROUPS: new columns (TABLESPACE_NAME, FORMAT, PARTITIONED)
V$TEMPORARY_LOBS: new column (ABSTRACT_LOBS)
Log Groups:
–
•
Object Management
DBA_LOG_GROUPS: new columns (LOG_GROUP_TYPE, GENERATED)
Materialized Views:
– DBA_MVIEWS: new columns (UNKNOWN_TRUSTED_FD, STALE_SINCE)
•
37
Online Segment Shrink: This new online defragmentation includes reducing the highwater
mark from empty blocks, or if data is out of whack with PCTUSED / PCTFREE, tables
can be rebuilt online to compact data. This is possible with tables, indexes, and
materialized views.
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Backup and Recovery
•
•
10g has new automated disk-based backup & recovery features.
New / improved commands:
–
–
–
–
•
10g Views:
–
–
–
–
–
–
38
DROP DATABASE command: physically deletes all datafiles, spfiles, controlfiles, redo logs
ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS: no longer need to backup the database instance following this
command
ALTER DATABASE BEGIN BACKUP: No longer need to cycle through each tablespace to put into hot
backup mode. Can now do the entire database
Automatic TSPITR (tablespace point-in-time recovery)
V$ARCHIVE_DEST: new columns (VALID_NOW, VALID_TYPE, VALID_ROLE,
DB_UNIQUE_NAME, VERIFY, EXPEDITE)
V$ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS: new columns (DB_UNIQUE_NAME)
V$ARCHIVED_LOG (RESETLOGS_ID, IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, FAL)
V$FAST_START_SERVERS: new column (XID)
V$FAST_START_TRANSACTIONS: new columns (XIS, PXID, RCVSERVERS)
V$INSTANCE_RECOVERY: new columns (OPTIMAL_LOGFILE_SIZE,
ESTD_CLUSTER_AVAILABLE_TIME, WRITES_MTTR, WRITES_LOGFILE_SIZE,
WRITES_LOG_CHECKPOINT_SETTINGS, WRITES_OTHER_SETTINGS, WRITES_AUTOTUNE,
WRITES_FULL_THREAD_CKPT)
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Backup and Recovery
•
10g Initialization Parameters:
– db_flashback_retention_target
Description from V$PARAMETER
Maximum Flashback Database log retention time in minutes.
Default Value
1440
Notes
The upper limit for time (in minutes) that the database should retain data for
flashing back information.
Example
2000
– db_recovery_file_dest
Description from V$PARAMETER
default database recovery file location
Default Value
/usr/db/flash_recovery_area
Notes
This is the “flash recovery” directory or disk group. The “flash recovery”
directory contains copies of controlfiles, redo logs, archived redo logs, flashback
logs, and RMAN backup files.
Example
/u01/oracle/recov
39
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Backup and Recovery
•
10g Initialization Parameters:
– db_recovery_file_dest_size
40
Description from V$PARAMETER
database recovery files size limit
Default Value
2G
Notes
The upper limit in size for the “flash recovery” directory.
Example
4G
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Backup and Recovery
•
RMAN:
•
10g can automatically create and recover datafiles that have never been backed up. Also when RMAN
detects a corrupt backup it can automatically go one backup into the past to recover.
The DURATION clause of the BACKUP command sets the seconds that a backup is allowed to run,
at which point RMAN can pause and/or resume.
Can alert the DBA when the backup is about to run out of space.
10g Views:
•
•
•
–
–
–
–
–
–
41
V$DATAFILE_COPY: new columns (IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, RMAN_STATUS_RECID,
RMAN_STATUS_STAMP)
V$BACKUP_PIECE: new columns (BYTES, IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, RMAN_STATUS_RECID,
RMAN_STATUS_STAMP, COMPRESSED)
V$BACKUP_SINC_ID: new columns (RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP)
V$DATAFILE_COPY: new columns (IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, RMAN_STATUS_RECID,
RMAN_STATUS_STAMP)
V$PROXY_ARCHIVELOG: new columns (TAG, RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP)
V$PROXY_DATAFILE: new columns (RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP)
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Backup and Recovery
42
•
•
Flashback Query Improvements:
•
•
FLASHBACK DATABASE: entire database restored to a point-in-time
FLASHBACK TABLE command: entire table restored to a point-in-time. Oracle now puts dropped
tables into the “recycle bin” for quick and easy recovery. In SQL*Plus you can type “SHOW
RECYCLEBIN bin_name”
•
•
•
Flashback drop: restore a table that was dropped entirely
Flashback version query: view data at the row-level and the history of changes
Flashback transaction query: view data and changes on a transaction-level for more finely-grained
auditing and investigating.
•
•
10g Views: New FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY: view database transaction-level changes
10g Initialization Parameters: db_flashback_retention_target, db_recovery_file_dest,
db_recovery_file_dest_size (previously explained)
Can recover an entire database to an earlier point-in-time, reducing or removing the need to use the
traditional tape backup and recovery methods.
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Backup and Recovery
•
•
•
LogMiner Improvements:
10g’s log miner now supports index-organized tables, LONG datatypes, multibyte data
10g Views:
– V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS: new columns (TABLE_NAME, DATA_OBJV#,
SAFE_RESUME_SCN, XID, PXID, AUDIT_SESSIONID)
– V$LOGMNR_DICTIONARY: new columns (DB_CREATED, DB_VERSION_TIME,
DB_CHARACTER_SET, DB_VERSION, DB_STATUS, DB_TXN_SCN)
– V$LOGMNR_LOGS: new columns (TYPE, BLOCKSIZE, FILESIZE)
– V$LOGMNR_PARAMETERS: new columns (REQUIRED_START_DATE,
REQUIRED_START_SCN, OPTIONS)
43
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High Availability
•
Data Guard: 10g Initialization Parameters:
– db_unique_name
Description from V$PARAMETER
Database Unique Name
Default Value
{ORACLE_SID}
Notes
Helpful for Data Guard, DB_UNIQUE_NAME is the global unique
database name. This differentiates different databases with the same
DB_NAME and the same DB_DOMAIN
Example
ORAPROD
– log_archive_config
Description from V$PARAMETER
log archive config parameter
Default Value
‘SEND, RECEIVE, NODG_CONFIG’
Notes
Tells Oracle information on how to send redo logs to remote destinations in
Data Guard environments.
SEND/NOSEND (send the redo logs to remote destinations or not)
RECEIVE/NORECEIVE (receive redo logs from remote destinations or
not)
DG-CONFIG/NODG_CONFIG (list of unique database names in the
Data Guard configuration. 0-9 unique names are allowed)
Example
44
NOSEND NORECEIVE DG_CONFIG=ORA_PROD
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High Availability
•
•
Data Guard:
10g Initialization Parameters:
– log_archive_local_first
45
Description from V$PARAMETER
Establish EXPEDITE attribute default value
Default Value
TRUE
Notes
For Data Guard configurations:
TRUE: uses the ARC background processes to send redo logs to remote
destinations once an online log is archived. Good for slow WAN networks.
FALSE: uses the ARC background processes to send logs to remote
destinations simultaneously to the local archive copying. Good for fast LAN
environments.
Example
FALSE
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High Availability
•
•
•
•
•
•
RAC (Real Application Clusters):
As part of the new Enterprise Manager, Oracle now provides clusterware management software similar to
the 3rd-party software available prior to Oracle 10G. It provides a nice dashboard of overall node statuses
with drilldown capabilities.
Automatic Workload Management: DBAs create workloads and then manage CPU resources for each
process.
Zero Downtime Patching: by using RAC, you can apply patches (database or server) to one node at a time
to avoid downtime.
Upgrade Oracle versions “online” with the Rolling Upgrade. Uses logical standby databases and SQL apply
technology
New RAC 10g Views:
–
•
DB_UNIQUE_NAME: can dynamically add a standby database without shutting down the primary database.
10g Initialization Parameter:
gcs_server_processes
Description from V$PARAMETER
46
Default Value
0 (if CLUSTER_DATABASE=FALSE)
2 (if CLUSTER_DATABASE=TRUE)
Notes
For RAC, specifies the initial number of server processes. This is part of the
Global Cache Services (cache fusion)
Example
20
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Security
•
Kerberos: SASL in addition to PKI. Supports Simple Authentication and Security Layer in addition to
•
•
•
Fine-grained auditing:
Fine-grained auditing now includes UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE
Public Key Infrastructure. Used while communicating among databases. Can also use Kerberos-enabled
database links to protect data as it is transmitted.
10g Views: New columns in:
–
•
•
Auditing:
10g Views: New columns in:
–
–
–
•
•
DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS, DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT, DBA_AUDIT_STATEMENT, DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL
(EXTENDED_TIMESTAMP, PROXY_SESSIONID, GLOBAL_UID, INSTANCE_NUMBER, OS_PROCESS,
TRANSACTIONID, SCN, SQL_BIND, SQL_TEXT)
DBA_AUDIT_POLICIES (SEL, INS, UPD, DEL, AUDIT_TRAIL, POLICY_COLUMN_OPTIONS)
DBA_AUDIT_SESSION (EXTENDED_TIMESTAMP, PROXY_SESSIONID, GLOBAL_UID,
INSTANCE_NUMBER, OS_PROCESS)
EUS: Enterprise User Security. Single sign-on capabilities. A central OID/LDAP repository. Can
manage Oracle Label Security policies and user label authorities.
10g Views: New columns in:
–
47
DBA_FGA_AUDIT_TRAIL (STATEMENT_TYPE, EXTENDED_TIMESTAMP, PROXY_SESSIONID,
GLOBAL_UID, INSTANCE_NUMBER)
DBA_POLICIES: (IDX, POLICY_TYPE, LONG_PREDICATE)
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Security
•
•
VPD (Virtual Private Database): supports parallel query operations.
10g Views: New columns in:
– V$VPD_POLICY (SQL_ID)
•
10g Initialization Parameter:
– ldap_directory_access
Description from V$PARAMETER
RDBMS's LDAP access option
Default Value
NONE
Notes
Three values that determines if / how Oracle authenticates to the Internet
Directory: This is for enterprise security.
NONE: Oracle doesn’t authenticate at all
PASSWORD: connect with the password stored in the database “wallet”
SSL: connect with SSL
Example
SSL
48
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Tips
49
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ALTER SYSTEM
The ALTER SYSTEM command can improve uptime
SELECT NAME, VALUE
FROM v$parameter
WHERE issys_modifiable IN (’DEFERRED’, ‘IMMEDIATE’);
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_dump_file_size = 100000;
• Oracle9/8i updates for this command
• Change the initSID.ora file (unless using SPFile)
50
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ALTER SYSTEM
SELECT NAME, VALUE
FFROM v$parameter
WHERE issys_modifiable IN (’DEFERRED’,‘IMMEDIATE);
NAME
Timed_statistics
Log_checkpoint_interval
Log_checkpoint_timeout
Object_cache_optimal_size
Background_dump_dest
Sort_area_size
51
VALUE
False
5000000
21600
102400
/u02/oracle/PHIS/bdump
5096000
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ISSAYS MOD
IMMEDIATE
IMMEDIATE
IMMEDIATE
DEFERRED
IMMEDIATE
DEFERRED
Undocumented Parameters
• Each undocumented parameter begins with an
underscore
• Examples:
– _offline_rollback_segments
– _corrupted_rollback_segments
– _allow_reset_logs_corruption
• They should only be used under the direction of a
senior DBA or Oracle support.
52
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Undocumented Parameters
“Hidden” INIT.ORA:
X$KSPPI and X$KSPPSV
X$KSPPI
X$KSPPSV
Name
Type
Name
Type
-----------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------------------
---------------------------------
ADDR
RAW(4)
INDX
NUMBER
INDX
NUMBER
INST_ID
NUMBER
INST_ID
NUMBER
KSPPINM
VARCHAR2(64)KSPPSTVL
KSPPITY
NUMBER
KSPPDESC
VARCHAR2(64)KSPPSTVF
KSPPIFLG
NUMBER
53
ADDR
RAW(4)
VARCHAR2(512)
KSPPSTDF
VARCHAR2(9)
NUMBER
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Undocumented Parameters
To see the hidden init.ora parameters and session/instance values:
SELECT
a.ksppinm "Parameter", a.ksppdesc "Description",
b.ksppstvl "Session Value", c.ksppstvl "Instance Value"
FROM
x$ksppi a, x$ksppcv b, x$ksppsv c
WHERE
a.indx = b.indx AND a.indx = c.indx
AND a.ksppinm LIKE '/_%' escape '/'
54
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Undocumented Parameters
To see all init.ora parameters, “regular” and “hidden”, that have been modified directly
or indirectly, issue:
SQL> SELECT nam.ksppinm || '=' || val.ksppstvl
2
FROM x$ksppi nam, x$ksppsv val
3
WHERE nam.indx = val.indx AND
4
val.ksppstdf ='FALSE’ ORDER BY 1;
NAM.KSPPINM||’=’||VAL.KSPPSTVL
------------------------- ------------------------- -------partition_view_enabled=FALSE
_affinity_on=FALSE
_wait_for_sync=TRUE
compatible=8.0.0
55
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Database Resources
Oracle Discussion Newsgroups:
comp.databases.oracle.server
comp.databases.oracle.tools
comp.databases.oracle.misc
These can be accessed through a newsgroup
program or “www.deja.com”
Subscribe to LazyDBA:
email to oracledba-subscribe@lazydba.com
Subscribe to ORACLE-L:
email to ListGuru@fatcity.com, in body enter “SUBSCRIBE
ORACLE-L your_name_here”
56
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Database Resources
Other good Oracle sites with links:
www.arikaplan.com : 400 tips ; this presentation
www.ioug.org
www.orafaq.org
www.orafans.com
www.orasearch.com
www.revealnet.com
www.lazydba.com
www.dbdomain.com
57
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Questions and Answers:
Welcome to Oracle 10g
Data Dictionary and
Initialization Parameters
Paper 520
Presentation by Ari Kaplan
CEO, Expand Beyond Corporation
www.xb.com
58
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© 2003
forward
Expand
without
Beyond
permission.
Corp. Confidential. Recipient may not forward without permission.