Download The Cell - BotsRule

The Cell
The building blocks of life
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The Cell
 Go to the Cell Size link.
 http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
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The Cell
 Cells are not the smallest structure that
make up living organisms. They are
merely the smallest functional units.
Cells themselves contain smaller units
called organelles. Organelles are tiny
cell structures that carry out specific
functions with a cell.
 Produce
energy, build and transport
materials, and store and recycle waste.
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The Cell
 To get inside……
 You must first go through the Cell Wall. The
Cell Wall is a rigid layer of non-living material
that surrounds mostly plant cells





Animal cells do not have cell walls.
Made of Cellulose
Protects and supports a plant cell.
It’s what gives a tree its strength.
Figure 1 on your plant cell diagram the thick part
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The Cell
 All cells have a Cell Membrane. In
plants it is next to the cell wall.
 The
Cell Membrane separates the cell from
its environment.
 The Cell Membrane controls what
substances come into and out of a cell.

Figure 1 on your plant and animal cell diagram Thin layer on
the plant cell diagram
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The Cell
 After you go through the cell membrane,
you enter the Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is
a clear gel-like fluid that fills the cell and
contains the organelles.
 Constantly
moving fluid
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The Cell
 Floating around within the cytoplasm we
have all kinds of good stuff:
 The Golgi Bodies
 The
packaging and shipping department
for newly formed proteins in the cell.
 A folded collection of sacks and tubes.

Figure 3 on your plant and animal cell diagram
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The Cell
 More floating stuff:
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
 Network of tubes or membranes
 Carries

materials through cell
Figure 2 on your plant and animal cell diagram
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The Cell
 More floating stuff:
 Ribosomes
 Small
bodies free or attached to E.R.
 Produces
proteins
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The Cell
 More floating stuff:
 Mitochondrion.
 Bean-shaped
with inner membranes.
 Breaks down sugar molecules into energy.

Figure 6 on your plant and animal cell diagram
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The Cell
 More floating stuff:
 Vacuole
 Small
fluid-filled sacs
 Store food, water, waste.

Figure 5 on your plant cell diagram
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The Cell
 More floating stuff:
 Lysosome
 Small,
round, with a membrane
 Breaks down larger food molecules into
smaller molecules.
 Digests old cell parts.

Figure 5 on your animal cell diagram
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The Cell
 More floating stuff:
 Chloroplast
 Plants
only, not animal cells.
 Green, oval usually containing chlorophyll
(green pigment).
 Uses energy from sun to make food for the
plant (photosynthesis)

Figure 7 on your plant cell diagram
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The Cell
 Finally.. The brains of the operation.
 The Nucleus
 The
brain of the cell, directing all the cells
activities.
 Surrounded by the Nuclear Membrane


Protection and regulation of material transport.
Figure 4 on your plant and animal cell diagram
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The Cell
 And in that cell brain…...
 The Chromatin
 Genetic
material which chemically directs
all of the cell’s activities.
 Made of DNA and affiliated proteins

Fine twisted stuff within Figure 4 on your plant and animal
cell diagram
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The Cell
 And in that cell brain…...
 The Nucleolus
 Instructions
in DNA are copied here
 Works with ribosomes in the synthesis of
protein

Dark area within Figure 4 on your plant and animal cell
diagram
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A few words about a few other
cells..
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Bacteria
 This little guys are about 10x smaller
than the average animal cell.
 They have cell walls and cell
membranes…
 They do not have a nucleus!
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Important definition here!
 Organisms whose cells contain a
nucleus are called……Eukaryotes
 Organisms whose cells DO NOT
contain a nucleus are
called……Prokaryotes
 Bacteria are prokaryotes.
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Important exception!
 Red blood cells in mammals (like you
and me) DO NOT contain a nucleus or
even DNA.
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Bacteria
 Come in three basic shapes.
 Sphere : cocci
 Rod : bacilli
 Spiral
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Bacteria : cocci
Diplococcus
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/shape/diplo.html
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Bacteria : cocci
Streptococcus
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/shape/gpstrep.html
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Bacteria : bacilli
Streptococcus
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/labpics/lab1pics.htm
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Bacteria : Spiral
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/celllab.htm
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Bacteria
 We are not going to get back into cell
structure, however, it is at least worth
looking at bacteria mobility.
 Flagellum
 long
whip like structure
 spins like a propeller
 Rotary joint
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Bacteria
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T028556A.gif
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Bacteria
http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/images/flagellum.jpg
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Bacteria
 Bacteria exist in two Kingdoms.
 Archaebacteria
 Live
in extreme environments
 Acids, intestines, sewage, 110 degree
water etc
 Produce foul odors
 Eubacteria
 Live
everywhere else
 Many are beneficial
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Bacteria Reproduction
 Asexual reproduction
 Reproduction
 binary

with only one parent
fission
one cell divides to form two identical cells
 Sexual Reproduction
 Two
parents combine genetic material
 Conjugation

Transfer genetic material through a thin bridge
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Bacteria Conjugation
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/27-x1-ProkaryoteConjugation.jpg
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Bacteria binary fission
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/69091a.jpg
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A tiny glimpse at the Virus
Simple success
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Virus
http://webs.wichita.edu/mschneegurt/biol103/lecture17/Ebola_EM.jpg
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Virus
 Non-living
 Do
not use energy to grow
 Do not respond to their surroundings
 Sub-microscopic
 Unable to grow or reproduce outside a host
cell.

A host is an organism that harbors a virus or
parasite.
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Virus
 Each viral particle, or virion, consists of
just two parts
 Genetic
material, DNA or RNA.
 A protective protein coat called a capsid.
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Virus
 Viruses multiply by entering a host cell
and taking over cell function with its own
genetic material.
 The infected host cells then produce
more protein and genetic material to
assemble new virion.
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Virus
http://www.ifpma.org/Influenza/index.aspx?001_The_Influenza_Virus/001a_Influenza_Virus.html
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Virus
http://www.weblo.com/domain/available/grupvirus.com/
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High Resolution photomicrograph of
the SimianVirus
http://www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk/monkey_molecules/other_structures/
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