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Chapter 12
Recovery and
Rebirth:
The Age of the
Renaissance
p. 340
*The Causes of the Renaissance*
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Because of the Crusades, and the new
trade routes, contact with more
advanced civilizations
The Church, due to the scandals that
occurred, lost much of its power
Due to trade, the middle class grew,
and people began to accumulate vast
sums of money..
Competition between wealthy people for
status led to developments in education
and art, Patronage
Meaning and Characteristics of
the Italian Renaissance
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Renaissance = Rebirth
An essential element of the
Renaissance was the beginning of
humanism, which glorified the culture
of Ancient Greece and Rome.
Urban Society
Emphasis on individual ability
The Making of Renaissance
Society
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Economic Recovery
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Italian cities lose economic supremacy
Hanseatic League- economic and
defensive confederation of free towns in
northern Germany
Manufacturing
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Textiles, Printing, Mining and Metallurgy
Banking
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Florence and the Medici
p. 343
Social Changes in the
Renaissance
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The Nobility
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Reconstruction of the Aristocracy
Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population
Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529)
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The Book of the Courtier (1528) it
describes the conduct of the perfect
courtier, the qualities of a noble lady,
Peasants and Townspeople
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Peasants
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Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population
Decline of manorial system and serfdom
Urban Society
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Patricians
Petty politicians, shopkeepers, artisans, guild
masters, and guildsmen
The Poor and Unemployed
Slaves
Family and Marriage in
Renaissance Italy
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Arranged Marriages
Father-husband head of family
Wife managed household
Childbirth
Sexual Norms
p. 346
Italian States in the Renaissance
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Five Major Powers
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Milan
Venice
Florence
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The Medici
The Papal States (Rome)
Kingdom of Naples
The Role of Women
France and Spain fight over the peninsula
Modern diplomatic system
Map 12-1, p. 348
p. 349
Chronology, p. 351
Machiavelli and the New
Statecraft
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Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)
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The Prince- is a handbook for rulers, he
suggested that ruthless cunning is
appropriate to the conduct of government
Machiavellian has come to mean deceitful,
unscrupulous, and manipulative.
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Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of
political power
p. 351
*The Four Aspects of Humanism*
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Admiration and emulation of the Ancient
Greeks and Romans.
Philosophy of enjoying this life, instead
of just waiting for the next one.
The glorification of humans and the
belief that individuals are can do
anything.
The belief that humans deserved to be
the center of attention
Italian Renaissance Humanism
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Humanism based on Greco-Roman literature
Petrarch (1304 – 1374) He strongly advocated the
continuity between Classical culture and the Christian
message
Civic Humanism – Florence
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Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444) first modern historian
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Humanism and Philosophy
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Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499)
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New Cicero (from this we get the word humanism)
Translates Plato’s dialogues
Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494)
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Oration on the Dignity of Man ("Manifesto of the
Renaissance".)
Education & The Impact of
Printing
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Education in the Renaissance
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Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy,
eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic),
poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music
Education of Women
Aim of Education was to create a complete citizen
Francesco Guicciardini- best known for his history
of Italy, which covers the period from 1492 to 1532
The Impact of Printing
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Johannes Gutenberg
 Movable type (1445 – 1450)
 Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456)
 The Spread of Printing
*Characteristics of Renaissance Art*
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- Emulation of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
- Good use of depth in paintings.
- Linear (further away = smaller) and atmospheric
(further away = hazier) perspective.
- Paintings began to have more detailed
backgrounds.
- Not necessarily religious, more focus on earthly
themes and humans.
- More realistic, geometrically precise and
mathematically accurate.
- Subjects showing signs of more emotion.
- Contraposto posture, in which the subject is
shifting his or her balance.
The Artistic Renaissance
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Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466)
 David
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446)
 Church of San Lorenzo
Botticelli (1445-1510)
 Primavera and Birth of Venus
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
 Last Supper and Mona Lisa
Raphael (1483 – 1520)
 School of Athens
Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)
 The Sistine Chapel and The David
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The Northern Artistic
Renaissance
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Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441)
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Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)
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Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Adoration of the Magi
Music in the Renaissance
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Guillaume Dufay
p. 365
p. 366
The European State in the
Renaissance
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The Renaissance State in Western Europe
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France
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Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483) gains French
territory
England
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War of the Roses (The House of Lancaster (red rose)
verses the House of York (white rose))
 Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509) Henry Tudor, Duke of
Richmond, defeated the last Yorkish king, Richard III,
and established the new Tudor dynasty
Abolished private armies of the aristocrats
Established the Court of Star Chamber which did not use
juries and permitted torture to extract confessions
Use diplomacy to avoid wars
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Kept taxes low Henry VII Stabilized England and raises her status
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The European State in the
Renaissance
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Spain
After the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the
Muslims, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
were married Unification of Castile and Aragón
They reorganized the military and created and built the best
army in Europe by the 16th century
 Religious uniformity The two “Most Catholic” monarchs
had achieved absolute religious orthodoxy—to be
Spanish was to be Catholic This would cause the
 The Inquisition: Converts were effected
 they expelled all Jew and Muslims
 Conquest of Granada: They attack and expel all Muslims
from Spain and unify the country
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Central and Eastern
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Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire
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Habsburg Dynasty Through marriages, the
Hapsburgs gained international power
Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) Charles, Maximilian’s
grandson, became heir to the Habsburg,
Burgundian, and Spanish lines, making him the
leading monarch of his age
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern
Europe
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Poland- Different ethnic and religious groups could
not get along
Hungary-Hungary became one of the most
significant countries in Europe under King
Matthias Corvinus, Broke the power of the wealthy
lords, Patronized the humanist culture and
Brought Italian scholars and artists to his capital
Central and Eastern
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Russia Since the 13th century, Russia had been under the
domination of the Mongols
 Ivan III (1462-1505) was able to take advantage of
dissention within the Mongols to through off their yoke by
1480
Ottoman Empires
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Eastern Europe was increasingly threatened by the
Ottoman Empire
The Byzantine Empire had served as a buffer
between the Muslim Middle East and the Latin West
for centuries
The Empire was weakened by the sack of
Constantinople in 1204
 The threat of the Ottomans finally doomed the
Byzantine Empire
 Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453
Map 12-2, p. 367
Map 12-3, p. 368
Chronology, p. 370
The Church in the Renaissance
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The Problem of Heresy and Reform
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John Hus (1374 – 1415)
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Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the
clergy
Burned at the stake (1415)
Church Councils
The Papacy
The Renaissance Papacy
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Julius II (1503 – 1513)
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“Warrior Pope”
Nepotism
Patrons of Culture
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Leo X (1513 – 1521)
Chronology, p. 373
Timeline, p. 374