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BIO 211 – Human Anatomy
Study Guide
Topic: Muscle Tissue, Architecture of Skeletal Muscles, Axial Muscles &
Appendicular Muscles
Lectures 12, 13 & 14
Objectives:
1. To know general principles and shapes of skeletal muscles.
2. To be able to understand the meanings of the different parts of the name of a
skeletal muscle.
3. To learn the names and actions of the major muscles of the head, neck and trunk.
4. To learn the origins and insertions for the sternocleidomastoid, temporalis, masseter
and digastric muscles.
5. To learn the names and actions of the major muscles of the upper and lower limbs.
6. To learn the origins and insertions for the rotator cuff muscles, pectoralis major,
biceps brachii, triceps brachii, quadriceps femoris, gluteus maximus, gluteus
minimus, gluteus medius and gastrocnemius muscles.
Readings:
Chapter 10: Sections 10.1 Properties of Muscle Tissue, 10.2b Gross Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle (only Muscle Attachments), 10.5 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization, 10.7b
Actions of Skeletal Muscles, 10.8 The Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Chapter 11: Sections 11.1a Muscles of Facial Expression, 11.1c Muscles of Mastication,
11.1f Muscles of the Anterior Neck, 11.1g Muscles That Move the Head and Neck, 11.2
Muscles of the Vertebral Column, 11.3 Muscles of Respiration, 11. 4 Muscles of the
Abdominal Wall
Chapter 12: Sections 12.1 Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb except
for 12.1e Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand, 12.2 Muscles That Move the Pelvic Girdle and
Lower Limb except for 12.2d Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Diagrams You Must be Able to Label (Chapters 11 & 12):
Figs. 11.2a&b, 11.8, 12.4a&b, 12.5a&b, 12.7a, 12.8a, 12.15c, 12.17a, 12.18a
Terms to Know:
Properties of Muscle Tissue:
Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
General Principles of Muscles:
Tendon
Aponeurosis
Origin
Insertion
Belly
Agonist (prime mover)
BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 12-14
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Antagonist
Synergists
Fixators
Muscle Shapes
Pennate
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
Parallel
Convergent
Circular - sphincter
Quadratus – rectangular
Trapezius – trapezoidal
Deltoid – triangular
Rhomboidal – rhombus
Digastric – two bellies
Biceps (two heads)
Triceps (three heads)
Quadriceps (four heads)
Longissimus – longest
Brevis – shortest
Maximus – largest
Minimus – smallest
Medius – medium sized
Rectus – straight or parallel to midline
Major – larger
Minor - smaller
Muscles That Move the Head and Neck:
Semispinalis capitis
Splenius capitis
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid (know origin and insertion)
Muscles of Facial Expression:
Buccinator
Depressor labii inferioris
Levator labii superioris
Occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Platysma
Zygomaticus
Muscles of Mastication: Know the origins and insertions of this pair of muscles
Temporalis
Masseter
BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 12-14
Muscles of the Anterior Neck:
Digastric (anterior and posterior bellies) (know origin and insertion)
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Muscles of the Vertebral Column:
Erector spinae
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Semispinalis
Interspinales
Multifidus
Muscles of the Thorax:
Diaphragm
Intercostals (External and Internal)
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall:
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle:
Levator scapulae
Pectoralis minor
Rhomboid (Rhomboideus)
Serratus anterior
Trapezius
Muscles that Move the Glenohumeral Joint/Arm:
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major (know origin and insertion)
Teres major
Rotator cuff (know origins and insertions of each rotator cuff muscle)
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Teres minor
Arm and Forearm Muscles That Move the Elbow Joint/Forearm:
Biceps brachii (know origin and insertion)
Brachialis
Triceps brachii (know origin and insertion)
Brachioradialis
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BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 12-14
Pronator teres
Supinator
Forearm Muscles That Move the Wrist Joint, Hand, and Fingers:
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum
Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Muscles The Move the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb:
Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus (know origin and insertion)
Gluteus medius (know origin and insertion)
Gluteus minimus (know origin and insertion)
Muscles That Move the Knee Joint/Leg:
Quadriceps femoris (know origin and insertion)
Sartorius
Adductors (all on medial side of thigh)
Hamstring muscles
Leg Muscles:
Gastrocnemius (know origin and insertion)
Soleus
Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
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BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 12-14
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Study Questions:
1. The property of muscle that allows it to return to its original shape after contraction
is
a) extensibility
b) contractility
c) elasticity
d) excitability
2. The muscle name quadratus femoris is telling you that
a) it is rectangular in shape and is located in the crural portion of your lower
limb
b) it has two bellies and is triangular in shape
c) it is rectangular and attaches to the femur
d) the fibers are arranged in a diamond-shape and converge
e) it is a muscle that attaches to the femur and has the action of moving the
lower limb away from the body
3. The muscle name pectoralis major is telling you that
a) this muscle is found in your chest and is larger than the pectoralis minor
b) this muscle has a triangular shape and is located in your chest
c) this muscle is found in your chest and its fibers run parallel to the long axis
of your body
d) this muscle is found in your chest and is shorter than the pectoralis minor
e) this muscle is found in your chest and has a square shape
4. The muscle name gluteus minimus is telling you that
a) this muscle has a diamond shape and is located in your buttocks
b) this muscle is smaller than the gluteus maximus and is found in your
buttocks
c) this muscle is larger than the gluteus maximus and is found in your buttocks
d) this muscle is shorter than the gluteus maximus and is found in your
buttocks
e) this muscle has the action of extending your lower limb and is found in your
buttocks
5. A muscle that would hold a bone in place during a particular action is called
a) a fixator
b) an antagonist
c) an agonist
d) a synergist
e) a pennate muscle
BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 12-14
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6. Match the following:
Elevates mandible and closes mouth
______________
Draws scalp anteriorly _______________
Flexes neck __________________
Compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral
column _______________
Lateral flexion and extension of the head
__________________
Depresses and retracts mandible; elevates
hyoid __________________
Flexes laterally, extends and rotates
vertebral column ________________
Depresses inferior wall of thoracic cavity
_________________
Tenses muscles of neck _______________
Elevate the upper lip for smiling
______________
Elevate the ribs ______________
Closes lips for kissing _______________
“Trumpeter” muscle ______________
Depresses lower lips for frowning or
pouting ______________
A. orbicularis oris
B. buccinator
C. masseter
D. diaphragm
E. platysma
F. zygomaticus
G. digastric
H.depressor labii inferioris
I. external intercostals
J. iliocostalis
K. sternocleidomastoid
L. rectus abdominis
M. occipitofrontalis
N. trapezius
7. When Jason read the first question of the human anatomy exam, he raised his
eyebrow, whistled, closed his eyes and shook his head. What muscles did Jason use
to perform these actions?
Raising the eyebrow
___________________________________________________________________
Whistling (two muscles)
___________________________________________________________________
Closing eyes
___________________________________________________________________
Shaking the head (more than a single muscle)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 12-14
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8. Which of the following actions is produced by the muscles that attach to the
mandible? (1) elevation, (2) depression, (3) abduction, (4) adduction, (5)
protraction, (6) retraction.
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5
(b) 2, 3, 4 and 6
(c) 1, 2, 5 and 6
(d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
(e) 3, 4, 5 and 6
9. Select the best answer to complete this statement. The facial nerve innervates
(contacts muscle fiber) of
(a) most facial muscles
(b) muscles that move the head
(c) muscles of mastication
(d) muscles that move the mandible
(e) muscles that move the hyoid
10. The muscle that aids in chewing, but does not move the mandible, is
(a) the temporalis
(b) the masseter
(c) the buccinator
(d) the levator labii inferioris
(e) the orbicularis oculi
11. All of the following muscles act on the vertebral column except
(a) interspinalis
(b) longissimus
(c) external intercostals
(d) multifidus
(e) semispinalis
BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 12-14
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12. Match the following:
Abducts arm ______________
Extensor of hip and abducts and laterally
rotates thigh _______________
Flexes elbow __________________
Elevation, depression, retraction and
rotation of scapula _______________
Extends fingers and wrist
__________________
Elevation of scapula __________________
Pronation of forearm ________________
Extends shoulder and adducts and medially
rotates arm _________________
Flexes wrist _______________
Flexes knee ______________
Flexes shoulder and rotates arm medially
_______________
Flexes foot______________
Extends knee ______________
A. gastrocnemius
B. latissimus dorsi
C. pronator teres
D. flexor carpi radialis
E. deltoid
H. gluteus maximus
I. quadriceps femoris
J. hamstrings
K. extensor digitorum
L. brachialis
M. supraspinatus
N. pectoralis major
O. levator scapulae
P. trapezius
13. The flexor muscles of the forearm are found on the __________________ side of
the forearm.
(a) posterior
(b) anterior
(c) medial
(d) lateral
14. The extensor muscles of the lower limb at the hip are found on the
____________________ side of the thigh.
(a) posterior
(b) anterior
(c) medial
(d) lateral
15. Several muscles act to stabilize the shoulder. Which of the following muscles is a
rectangular muscle that retracts and fixes the scapula in place?
(a) levator scapulae
(b) deltoid
(c) trapezius
(d) rhomboid
(e) teres major
BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 12-14
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16. Which of the following muscles is not part of the rotator cuff?
(a) supraspinatus
(b) infraspinatus
(c) subscapularis
(d) teres major
(e) teres minor
17. Insertion of the biceps brachii muscle is the
(a) radial tuberosity
(b) coracoid process
(c) olecranon
(d) greater tubercle
(e) styloid process of radius
18. Origin of the supraspinatus muscle is the
(a) subscapular fossa
(b) coracoid process
(c) clavicle
(d) supraspinous fossa
(e) greater tubercle
19. The gluteal muscle that is located deep to the other two gluteal muscles is the
___________________________________________.
20. The most frequent injury to the rotator cuff muscles is the tearing away of the
tendon of the ______________________________________________ muscle from
the humerus.
21. The patella is embedded in the tendon of the
______________________________________________________ muscle.
22. The _____________________________________________ muscle is named for
its origin near the distal end of the humerus and insertion on the styloid process of
the radius.
23. Depression of the ribs during forced exhalation is due to contraction of the
___________________________________________________________________
24. The _____________________________________ muscle, named for its two
bellies, opens the mouth.
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25. One of the distinguishing features of mammals is the ability to suckle. This action
is due to contraction of the ____________________________________ muscle.
26. When you bow your head, for example during prayer, it is due to contraction of the
_________________________________________________________ muscle.
27. A circular muscle that controls the size of an opening or passage is a/an
_______________________________________.