Download Midterm Review - Earth Science

2013-2014 MIDTERM EXAM
REVIEW
1-5 BRANCHES OF EARTH SCIENCE
Oceanography
Meteorology
Ecology
Geology
Astronomy
2-SAFETY IN THE SCIENCE LAB-
COMMON SENSE
HYPOTHESIS- possible
explanation for a problem
THEORY- an
explanation
that is based on
experimentation
and supported by a large
quantity of evidence
LAW-widely accepted as
a fact,
based on repeated
observations
3. HOW DID THE DINOSAURS BECOME
EXTINCT?
3. EVIDENCE OF METEORITE IMPACT
1- high concentration of IRIDIUM in
rocks that are 65 million yrs old
2- no dinosaur fossils after 65mya
3- layer of soot from worldwide
wildfires
4- shocked quartz at impact sites
4. CALCULATE HOURS OF DAYLIGHT

SUNRISE 7:07 a.m.

SUNSET 5:13 p.m.
_____________hours _______________ minutes
5. LABEL THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH
ocean
Continental crust
Oceanic crust
MOHO
lithosphere
Upper mantle- rigid
Upper Mantle- fluid
Lower Mantle
STATISTICS OF THE EARTH
Circumference= 40,000 km
25,000 miles
Diameter = 12,800 km
8,000 miles
LITHOSPHERE
ASTHENOSPHERE
MOHO
MAGNETOSPHERE
The source
of the
Earth’s
magnetic
field is the
liquid
IRON &
NICKEL
in the
Outer Core
TEXT
Page 29
7.
4
0
OBLATE SPHEROID
0
0
0
k
m
8. EARTH IS AN OPEN SYSTEM WITH REGARD
TO ENERGY AND CLOSED WITH MASS
9 WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN SOURCES OF
ENERGY FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM?
9 WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN SOURCES OF
ENERGY FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM?
1- the SUN
2- mantle convection
3. Radioactive decay
4. Gravity
10. WHAT IS A RESERVOIR?
10. WHAT IS A RESERVOIR?
A
place where matter or energy
is stored for a long period of time
CARBON-
Biosphere
Nitrogen-Atmosphere
Phosphorus- Geosphere
Water- Hydrosphere
11. CREATE 2 FOOD CHAINS
12. FOOD CHAIN VS. FOOD WEB
12. FOOD CHAIN VS. FOOD WEB
Food Chain- one possible path for
matter/energy
Food
Web- shows every feeding
relationship
ECOSYSTEMS

CONSUMERS

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES

CARNIVORES

How do ecosystems
respond to change?
13- LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
Latitude= degrees N
or S of the Equator
 69 miles (111 km)
between each degree
 90⁰ degrees = Poles

Longitude = degrees E
or W of Prime
Meridian (Greenwich)
 Lines meet at poles,
get closer as move N
or S

13. DIVISION OF A DEGREE
There are ___________ minutes in a degree, and
____________ degrees in a circle
 Latitude measures ____ and ____ of the _______
 Longitude measure ___ and ____ of the ______
____________ which runs through ____________
 Latitude measures up to ___________ which
represents the _______
 Longitude measures as high as __________
 The coordinates of the North Pole are _________
and the South Pole ______________

13. DIVISION OF A DEGREE
There are ___60_____ minutes in a degree, and
_____360_____ degrees in a circle
 Latitude measures _N__ and __S_ of the equator__
 Longitude measure _E and _W_ of the _Prime_
__Meridian__ which runs through _Greenwich, England___
 Latitude measures up to ______90⁰___ which
represents the Poles__
 Longitude measures as high as ___180⁰___
 The coordinates of the North Pole are___90⁰N_
and the South Pole ______90⁰S____

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
What day is it here?
If it is Monday here….
CONTOUR MAPS SHOW ELEVATION





CONTOUR INTERVAL- distance between lines
INDEX CONTOUR- every 5th line, drawn in bold
print, makes it easier to read the map
CARTOGRAPHY- map making
RELIEF- difference between highest and lowest
elevation
GEOMAGNETIC NORTH- magnetic north pole,
where a compass points
C
O
N
T
O
U
R
M
A
P
MAP LEGEND
Explains symbols used on map
and the Scale.
SCALE – the relationship between
Distance on a map and distance on
Earth.
FRACTIONAL 1: 25 000
GRAPHIC- a bar
VERBAL - one inch equals one mile
COMPASS ROSE
Geographic North
Magnetic North Pole
16. WHY DO WE HAVE SEASONS?

TILT 23.5 degrees

Revolution-3651/4 day
Leap Year

Parallelism
17. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT PLATE
TECTONICS
17. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT PLATE
TECTONICS
1- matching
shapes of
continents
2- fossil evidence
3- similar rock
type
4- mountain
ranges continue
across oceans
5- climate change
6- earthquake and
volcanic activity
7- sea floor
spreading
8Paleomagnetism
17. EARTHQUAKES
SEA FLOOR SPREADING :
See p 243
As magma rises through rifts in
the ocean floor, it captures the
magnetic orientation of the age.
Rocks closer to the rift are
younger. Rocks further from the
Rift are older.
Harry Hess
Confirmed Wegener’s hypothesis
17. PLATE TECTONICS




Alfred Wegener
Similar fossils on
widely separated
continents
Similar rock types or
mountain ranges
Shape of coastlines

Sea floor spreading

Paleo- magnetism
17. PLATE TECTONICS
PANGAEA
PANTHALASSA
19. THE SUPERCONTINENT CYCLE
The
supercontinent cycle is a
geologic cycle where the Earth's
continents alternatively merge
into a single supercontinent,
split into numerous continents,
then merge again. The cycle is
estimated to be 300 - 500 million
years long.
20. PLATE BOUNDARIES
DIVERGENT BOUNDARYmagma rises through rift
between plates
Ex: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY- plates
Collide, form trenches, mtn ranges
Ex: Pacific Ring of Fire
TRANSFORM BOUNDARY- two plates
Slide past each other laterally
Ex: San Andreas Fault
20 HOT SPOT VOLCANISM
TRANSFORM FAULTSomeday Los Angeles will
Be NORTH WEST of
San Francisco!
RIDGE PUSH
CONVECTION CURRENTS DRIVE PLATE MOVEMENT
21. EARTHWEEK
22. SEISMIC WAVES
22. HOW DO SEISMOLOGISTS PINPOINT
THE EPICENTER OF AN EARTHQUAKE?
23, 24, 25,26. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
*Dinosaurs extinctMeteorite
impact
4%
* Pangea formed
6%
PRECAMBRIAN-88%
4600
27, 28. FOSSILS FORM AND EXAMPLES
 Mummification
Cast/mold
 Freezing
Coprolite
 Petrification
 Tar
Seeps
 Amber
Gastrolith
Hard
part
Petrified
remains
29 & 30MINERAL FAMILIES
SILICATE- 96%
 Solid
 Naturally
occurring
 Definite
chemical
composition
 Inorganic
 Crystal system
NON-SILICATE- 4%
 Luster
 Cleavage/Fracture
 Density
 Hardness
(Moh’s Scale p
111)
 Crystal System
 Streak
 Fluorescence
 Radioactivity
 Double Refraction
 Magnetism
WAYS TO IDENTIFY AN UNKNOWN MINERAL
Tests or Properties that identify Minerals
COLOR is
NOT a good
way to
identify a
mineral.
1.
Many
minerals
have the
same
color.
2.
Some
minerals
come in a
variety of
colors.
3.
Weatherin
g can
change
color of a
mineral
31. IGNEOUS ROCKS- “FROM FIRE”
From LAVA =
EXTRUSIVE
Fine grained
From
MAGMA =
INTRUSIVE
Coarse
grained
32. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
33. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
CONTACT Metamorphism-
when hot magma or
fluids bake nearby
rocks- small area
REGIONAL m.when tectonic plates
move, great heat &
pressure, minerals
line up in bands –
widespread
34. ROCK CYCLE- ANY ROCK CAN TURN INTO ANY
OTHER KIND OF ROCK
ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY
P 295
20 VOLCANOES
What is pyroclastic material?
20 ICELANDIC VOLCANOES-MID-OCEAN RIDGE