Download Decentralized Location Services

Tapestry
Architecture and status
UCB ROC / Sahara Retreat
January 2002
Ben Y. Zhao
ravenben@eecs.berkeley.edu
Why Tapestry
Today’s Internet

Route failures not uncommon


IPv4 constrains deployment of new protocols

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BGP too slow to recover, redundant routes unexploited
IP multicast, security protocols (DDoS traceback), …
Wide-area applications straining existing systems

Scalable management of large scale resources
Our goals

Wide-area scalable network overlay



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Highly fault-tolerant routing / location
Introspective / self-tuning platform
Support application-specific protocols
Efficient (b/w, latency) data delivery
Pass on wide-area solutions to application layer
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What is Tapestry?
A prototype of a decentralized, fault-tolerant, adaptive
overlay infrastructure
(Zhao, Kubiatowicz, Joseph et al. 2000)
Network substrate of OceanStore

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Routing: Suffix-based hypercube
Similar to Plaxton, Rajamaran, Richa (SPAA97)
Decentralized location:
Virtual hierarchy per object with cached location references
Dynamic algorithms using local information
Core API:
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publishObject(ObjectID)
routeMsgToObject(ObjectID)
routeMsgToNode(NodeID)
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Routing and Location
Namespace (nodes and objects)

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160 bits length  280 names before name collision
Each object has its own hierarchy rooted at Root
f (ObjectID) = RootID, via a dynamic mapping function
Suffix routing from A to B

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At hth hop, arrive at nearest node hop(h) such that:
hop(h) shares suffix with B of length h digits
Example: 5324 routes to 0629 via
5324  2349  1429  7629  0629
Object location:


Root responsible for storing object’s location
Publish / search both route incrementally to root
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Tapestry Mesh
Incremental suffix-based routing
3
4
NodeID
0x79FE
NodeID
0x23FE
NodeID
0x993E
4
NodeID
0x035E
3
NodeID
0x43FE
4
NodeID
0x73FE
3
NodeID
0x44FE
2
2
4
3
1
1
3
NodeID
0xF990
2
3
NodeID
0x555E
2
NodeID
0xABFE
1
NodeID
0x73FF
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NodeID
0x04FE
NodeID
0x13FE
4
NodeID
0x9990
1
2
2
NodeID
0x423E
3
NodeID
0x239E
1
NodeID
0x1290
5
Object Location
Randomization and Locality
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Fault-tolerant Routing
Strategy:
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Detect failures via soft-state probe packets
Route around problematic hop via backup pointers
Handling:
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3 forward pointers per outgoing route
(2 backups)
2nd chance algorithm for intermittent failures
Upgrade backup pointers and replace
Protocols:
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First Reachable Link Selection (FRLS)
Proactive Duplicate Packet Routing
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Talk Outline
Tapestry overview
Architecture
Evaluation
Brocade
Conclude
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Architecture Background
OceanStore implementation


Java with asynchronous I/O
Event-based, stage driven architecture
(Sandstorm – M. Welsh)
Applications
OceanStore
Tapestry
Sandstorm (async I/O, event arch.)
Java Virtual Machine
Operating System
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Key Stages
StaticTClient / Federation

Uses config files to bootstrap initial Tapestry
DynamicTClient

Integrates new nodes into static Tapestry
Router

Primary handler of routing and location
Patchwork

Introspective monitoring and fault-detection
Applications
Dynamic TClient
Patch OceanStore
Static TClient
work
Router
Sandstorm (async I/O, event arch.)
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Static TClient
Federation used as rendezvous point
Pair-wise pings to generate route tables
Federation used as global barrier to begin
S
S
F
S
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1. Si says hello to F
2. F informs group of Si
S
3. Nodes do pair-wise pings
4. Nodes signal readiness
5. Barrier reached at F,
signals start
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Dynamic TClient
Node Integration
1. Hill-climb to find nearest Gateway
2. Route to surrogate / copy routes
3. Move relevant objects to new root
4. Directed multicast notifies nearby nodes
Routes Request
F
Routes Response
G
S
Moving Object Pointers
Directed Multicast
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?
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Routing / Location
Router class
Maintains:
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RoutingTable:
[ ][ ] of RouteEntries
ObjectPointers:
Hash(Guid)PublishInfo
Hash(Guid)LastHop
Handles:
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Object publication / unpublication / mobile objects
Route / location message handling
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Patchwork
Fault-handling / introspective stage


Granulated periodic beacons measure loss and
network latency to entries in routing table
Promote/demote routes in single RouteEntry
A
BB
CA
C
B
A
X
C
network
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Router
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Deployment Status
 Object Location
 Publish / unpublish / route to object
 Mobile objects (backtracking unpublish)
 Active deletes, confirmation of non-existence
 General Routing
 Route to node, redundant routes
 Soft-state fault-detection, limited optimization
 Advanced policies for fault recovery
 Dynamic Integration
 Integration w/ limited optimizations
 Best effort fault-resilient integration mechanisms
 Background threads for optimization / refresh
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Talk Outline
Tapestry overview
Architecture
Evaluation
Brocade
Conclude
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Generalized Results
Cached object pointers
Efficient lookup for nearby objects
 Reasonable storage overhead

Multiple object roots
Improves availability under attack
 Improves performance and perf. stability

Reliable packet delivery
Redundant pointers approximate optimal
reachability
 FRLS, a simple fault-tolerant UDP protocol

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First Reachable Link Selection
Use periodic UDP packets to
gauge link condition
Packets routed to shortest
“good” link
Assumes IP cannot correct
routing table in time for
packet delivery
IP
A
B
C
D
E
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Tapestry
No path exists to dest.
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Some Numbers
Measurements
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PIII 800, L2.2.18, IBM JDK 1.3
Simulating 6 nodes
(4 staticTC, 1 federation, 1 dynamicTC)
Publishing / locating ~10 objects
PublishMsg, RouteMsg: ~ 0-2 ms
Integration: ~2600ms (w/ pings)
Integration messages:

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Assuming latency data available
2 x n (routing and objects)
16M (directed multicast notification) (M  3)
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Talk Outline
Tapestry overview
Architecture
Evaluation
Brocade
Conclude
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Landmark Routing on P2P
Brocade

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Exploit non-uniformity
Minimize wide-area routing hops / bandwidth
Secondary overlay on top of Tapestry
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Select super-nodes by admin. domain
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Super-nodes form secondary Tapestry
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Divide network into cover sets
Advertise cover set as local objects
Routing (AB) uses brocade to route directly into
B’s local network
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Brocade Mechanisms
Selective utilization

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Nodes cache local cover set
Only utilize brocade if dest. not in cache
Forwarding messages to supernodes
1.
2.
Super-node does IP-snooping
Direct: cover set caches supernode
Inter-domain routing: AB
1.
2.
3.
ASN(A) via IP
SN(A) finds SN(B) via Tapestry location
SN(B)B via Tapestry/Chord/Pastry/CAN
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Brocade Routing RDP
Brocade Latency RDP 3:1
Relative Delay Penalty
Original Tapestry
IP Snooping Brocade
Directed Brocade
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Interdomain-adjusted Latency on Optimal Route
Local cover set cache on; interdomain:intradomain = 3:1
Packet simulator, Transit-stub 4096 T nodes, 16 SuperN
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Brocade Bandwidth Usage
Brocade Aggregate Bandwidth Usage
Original Tapestry
IP Snooping Brocade
Directed Brocade
Approx. BW per Message
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Physical Hops in Optimal Route
Local cover set cache on
B/W unit: (sizeof (Msg) * Hops)
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Ongoing / Future Work
Fill in full functionality

Fault-handling policies, introspection, self-repair
More realistic experiments
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Artificial topologies on SOSS simulator
Larger scale dynamic integration experiments
Code development

External deployment / Code release
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Sprint programmable routers
Academic networks
Introspective measurement platform
Implementing applications (Bayeux, Brocade … )
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For More Information
Tapestry and related projects (and these slides):
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~ravenben/tapestry
OceanStore:
http://oceanstore.cs.berkeley.edu
Related papers:
http://oceanstore.cs.berkeley.edu/publications
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~ravenben/publications
ravenben@eecs.berkeley.edu
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