Download Topics to Review

Topics to Review
Cellular and Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
 Inorganic vs. organic (presence of C)
 Hydrogen Bonds
 Properties of water
 Acids and bases/ pH scale/ buffers
 Functional Groups”
Hydroxyl –OH
Carbonyl- C=O
Sulfhydryl- SH
Carboxyl- COOH
Amino- NH2
Phosphates- PO4
Biochemistry continued
 Nutrients
 Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)
 Polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)
 Lipids
 3 fatty acids & glycerol- energy storage, cell membranes, steroids
 Proteins
 Hormonal, transport, structural, contractile, antibodies, and enzymes
 Enzymes- biological catalysts, specificity, temperature, inhibitors
 Nucleic Acids
 Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis
Glycolysis
 Glucose (6 C’s) to 2 pyruvate molecules (3 C’s each), net
product is 2 ATP
 Occurs in the cytoplasm
 Products then go on to aerobic respiration or fermentation
Fermentation
 Alcohol Fermentation
 Yeast without oxygen, used for making beer and wine
 Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Bacteria, fungi, and human muscles, without oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
 Glucose fully burned to produce 36 ATP in the presence of
oxygen
 Glycolysis (2 ATP)occurs in the cytoplasm, then Krebs Cycle
and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria
 Krebs Cycle aka citric acid cycle- extracts energy from
pyruvate to high energy molecules of NADH and FADH (2
ATP)
 Electron Transport Chain- electrons move against
concentration gradient and form ATP with help of ATP
synthase (32 ATP)
Photosynthesis
 Light Reactions- occurs in the grana, requires light, produces
NADPH and 2 ATP to be used in dark reactions
 Dark Reactions aka Calvin Cycle or Carbon Fixation- occurs
in stroma, does not require light, creates carbohydrates
(sugars) that can be used for energy from the products of the
light reactions (ATP and NADPH)
 *Plants do respiration with the sugars that they create in
photosynthesis!
Cells
 Cell Theory:
 All living things are composed of cells
 All chemical reactions of life occur in cells or in association with
cells.
 Cells arise only from preexisting cells.
 Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This
genetic material is passed from parent to daughter cell. (We will
discuss genetics in the next review session)
Cells continued
 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
 Cell Organelles
 Transport:
 Diffusion/ Osmosis/ Passive Transport (with concentration
gradient)
 Facilitated Diffusion (with concentration gradient, with the help
of carrier proteins)
 Active Transport (against concentration gradient)
 Endocytosis/ Exocytosis