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PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY Organisms and Their Environment CHAPTER 2 Section 1 DALL SHEEP ALASKA WHAT IS ECOLOGY? Study of interactions of organisms and their environment Research Qualitative or quantitative HAWAII OSLO, NORWAY BIOSPHERE o Portion of Earth that supports living things ABIOTIC FACTORS Nonliving parts of an organisms environment Air currents Temperature Soil BIOTIC FACTORS All living things that inhabit an environment All organisms depend directly or indirectly for food, shelter reproduction or protection LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Community Population Individual POPULATION All same species, interbred and live in same area at same time. BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY Made up off individuals of DIFFERENT populations Changes impact each other ECOSYSTEM Biological community and community’s abiotic factors These change from area to area 2 major Ecosystems Terrestrial - land Aquatic - water ORGANISMS IN ECOSYSTEMS Habitat vs Niche? Life under a rotting log Habitat or Niche? Ants eating dead insects Millipede eats decaying leaves Worm gets nutrients from materials in soil Habitat or Niche? SYMBIOSIS! Isn’t living together swell? PARASITISM One benefits, one is harmed COMMENSALISM One benefits, other neither harmed or benefited Titan triggerfish Spanish Moss MUTUALISM Both benefit NUTRITION AND ENERGY FLOW Chapter 2 Section 2 ENERGY FLOW Producers Autotrophs Consumers Make their own food Heterotrophs Sun Rely on other Chemicals organisms for food TYPES OF CONSUMERS Herbivores • Eat plants only Carnivores • Eat animals Omnivores • Eat plants and animals Detritivores (scavengers) • Feed on plant and animal remains/dead matter Decomposers • Break down organic matter • Bacteria and fungi AUTOTROPHS GET ENERGY FROM? Photosynthesis Use light energy to power chemical reactions Chemicals Use chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide Chemosynthesis Use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates Used by some bacteria Live in remote places Ex. Volcanic vents FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS Sun Autotrophs Heterotrophs FOOD CHAIN Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy be eating or being eaten! FOOD WEBS Feeding relationships among organisms form a network of complex interactions Web LINKS all food chains together Steps in food web or food chain is a trophic level 1ST trophic level PRODUCERS ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS Diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web 3 types Energy pyramids Biomass pyramids Pyramids of numbers ENERGY PYRAMID **** Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to the organisms at the next trophic level The more levels that exist, the less energy that remains from the original amount BIOMASS PYRAMID Total amount of living tissue Expressed in grams of organic matter per unit area Amount of potential food PYRAMID OF NUMBERS Based on number of individuals at each level Some are the shape of pyramid, not all Forests, less producers than consumers One tree, large amount of energy and biomass Many small insects with small biomass ENERGY PYRAMIDS (FIG 3.9) Suppose the this energy pyramid consists of plants that contain 450, 000 Calories of food energy. If all the plants were eaten by mice and insects, how much food energy would be available to those firstlevel consumers? 45,000 Calories If all the mice and insects ere eaten by snakes, how much food energy would be available to the snakes? 4500 Calories If all the snakes were eaten by a hawk, how much food energy would be available to the hawk? 450 Calories CYCLES OF MATTER RECYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE All living thing need more than just energy to survive Water Minerals Other compounds MATTER IS RECYCLED WITHIN/BETWEEN ECOSYSTEMS Biogeochemical cycles Matter is transformed, not lost Same molecule of matter can be traced from plant to animal to animal and back to atmosphere! Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle Phosphorus Cycle WATER CYCLE WATER CYCLE Evaporation Transpiration Evaporation from leaves of plant Precipitation Respiration NUTRIENTS All living organisms need nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. NUTRIENT CYCLES CARBON NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS CARBON CYCLE All life based on Carbon Carbon is the “molecule of life” Carbon dioxide Gas taken in by plants, given off by animals Converted into glucose by plants Eaten by heterotrophs Carbon dioxide given off Cycle again, again, again……. CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean NITROGEN CYCLE Amino acids Build proteins N2 in atmosphere-78% of our atmosphere Not in a form we can use “Nitrogen-fixing” bacteria live on nodules of legumes and in soil - convert to usable form (NH3) Then producers can use the nitrogen Then consumers eat the producers Dead? Decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia Producers take up ammonia Or bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas NITROGEN CYCLE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Forms part of DNA and RNA Important, not common in biosphere Remains mostly in rock soil minerals Ocean sediment Dissolved phosphate used by marine animals Absorbed by plants from soil or from water Then binds to organic compounds Then on to producers and consumers PHOSPHORUS CYCLE NUTRIENT LIMITATION Primary Productivity Rate at which organic matter is created by producers Availability of nutrients? If it is in short supply, or scarce Limiting nutrient Sooooo, Farmers apply fertilizers Open oceans are considered nutrient poor compared to the land Runoff from land full of fertilizer causes immediate increase of producers Algal bloom Disrupt equilibrium of ecosystem
