Download Exercise Science

Exercise Science
Section 11: Performance Enhancing Substances
and Techniques
An Introduction to Health and Physical
Education
Ted Temertzoglou
Paul Challen
ISBN 1-55077-132-9
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Ergogenic Aids
 Ergogenic aids are used by some
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© iStockphoto.com/”Max Delson”
athletes to:
 Improve physical appearance
 Prevent and/or treat injuries,
illnesses, or disease
 Cope with stress
 Increase athletic potential
 Bridge the “genetic gap”
 Three types of Ergogenic Aids:
 Nutritional aids
 Pharmacological aids
 Physiological aids
Nutritional Aids
 Nutritional supplements include:
 Vitamins and minerals
 Protein and amino acid
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© iStockphoto.com/”Marie C. Fields”
supplements
 Carnitine
 Creatine
 Caffeine
Vitamins and Minerals
 Regularly taking megavitamins may cause:
 Illness
 Tissue damage
 Toxic effects to body
 Supplements are beneficial
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© iStockphoto.com/”sbarabu”
when a clear deficiency
is indicated
 Athletes are advised to
increase food intake,
resulting in dietary sources
of vitamins and minerals
Protein and Amino Acid Supplements
 Benefits/risks of protein and amino acid supplements are fraught
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© iStockphoto.com/”G2 Design Studio”
with conflicting research findings/evidence
 Studies report that
ingesting excessive
amounts of protein can
produce toxic effects due to
overproduction of urea
resulting in:
 Dehydration
 Muscle cramps
 Impairment of
thermoregulatory function
Carnitine
 Carnitine is advertised as a “fat burner”
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© iStockphoto.com/”pixhook”
that claims to:
 Decrease lactate production
 Increase VO2max
 Delay fatigue
 Spare glycogen
 Induce loss of body fat
 Enhance aerobic and anaerobic
capacity
 Experimental data has failed to support
these theories
Creatine
 Creatine is an oral supplement that
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© iStockphoto.com/”technotr”
claims to increase:
 Phosphocreatine storage in muscle
 Speed
 Power
 Strength
 Effectiveness of creatine supplement still
unclear
 More studies need to be conducted on
the safety of long-term use
Caffeine
 Evidence suggests caffeine increases
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© iStockphoto.com/”Limber”
performance during prolonged endurance and
intense short-term exercises
 Increase alertness
 Reduces fatigue
 Energy drinks contain as much as 80mg of
caffeine
 Ingesting caffeine can cause:
 Dehydration
 Nervousness
 Irritability
Pharmacological Aids
 Pharmacological aids include:
 Pain-masking drugs
 Anabolic steroids
 Prohormones
 Human growth hormone
 Erythropoietin
© iStockphoto.com/”Servifoto”
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Pain-Masking Drugs
 Pain-masking agents (narcotic
analgesics) include:
 Morphine
 Heroin
 Side effects include:
 Inability to detect pain to
prevent serious or permanent
injury from occurring
 Physical and psychological
dependence
© iStockphoto.com/”Shorrocks”
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Anabolic Steroids
 Athletes take Anabolic steroids to:
 Increase muscle mass
 Increase strength
 Decrease body fat
 Harmful side effects include:
 Organ damage (liver, kidney)
 Increased cholesterol
 Increased blood pressure
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© iStockphoto.com/”vuk8691”
 Increased aggression
Prohormones
 Prohormones are a type of androgenic steroid
 Use of prohormones (androstenedione in particular) claim to:
 Increase physical power
 Decrease body fat
 No scientific data to support these theories
 Harmful side effects include:
 Baldness
 Breast enlargement (in males)
 aggression and violent behaviour
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Human Growth Hormone
 Synthetic preparations of the Human growth hormone (HGH) is
used to achieve:
 Increased muscle mass
 Limited weight gain
 Improved aerobic endurance
 Health risks include:
 Heart problems
 Excessive growth of hands and feet
 Dangerous enlargement of organs (heart, kidneys, liver)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Erythropoietin
 Erythropoietin (EPO) used by some athletes
competing in endurance sports
 Shown to cause increase in levels of hemoglobin
 Allows more oxygen to be carried to tissues
 Higher red-cell count causes heart to work harder
 Increases risk of cardiac fatigue and heart failure
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Restricted Pharmacological Substances
 Restricted pharmacological
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© iStockphoto.com/”pixhook”
substances include:
 Alcohol
 Marijuana
 Local anaesthetics
 Corticosteroids
 Beta blockers
Alcohol
 Alcohol
 Causes:
 Sedative effects
 Confusion
 Lessen reaction time
© iStockphoto.com/”pixhook”
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Marijuana
 Marijuana
 Causes:
 Affects psychomotor function
 Lowers reaction time
© iStockphoto.com/”Limber”
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Local Anaesthetics
 Local Anaesthetics
 Causes:
 Block pain
 Further injury can result
© iStockphoto.com/”mevans”
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Corticosteroids
 Restricted pharmacological
substances include:
 Corticosteroids:
 Used to open airways
 Can be toxic
© iStockphoto.com/”pixhook”
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Beta blockers
 Beta Blockers
 Causes:
 Can cause low blood
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© iStockphoto.com/”shorrocks”
pressure
 Disrupts sleep
patterns
Physiological Aids
 Physiological methods include:
 Blood doping
 Intravenous administration of blood, red blood cells, and
related blood products:
 Raises the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
 Increases cardiac output
 Decreases lactate levels
 Improves sweating response
 Drug masking
 Certain drugs are used to reduce the presence of banned
substances
 Includes agents that dilute concentration in:
 Bloodstream
 Diuretics
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Drug Testing
 Drug Testing
 Ensures an even
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© iStockphoto.com/”Christine Glade”
playing field
 Test are performed
randomly
 Performed year around
Ethical Issues
 Ethical Issues
 What would you do?
 How would your decision impact your family,
country, or nation?
 How would it impact your future?
© iStockphoto.com/”bluestocking”
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.