Download Developing apps for Android OS: Develop an app for interfacing

Developing apps for Android OS:
Develop an app for interfacing Arduino with
Android OS for home automation
Author: Aron NEAGU
Professor: Martin TIMMERMAN
Table of contents
1. Introduction…………………………………………….2
2. Android project file structure……………………2
3. Android development environment………….2
4. Cosm (Pachube)……………………………………….8
5. Arduino…………………………………………………….9
6. Software…………………………………………………10
7. Conclusions…………………………………………….19
7. References……………………………………………..19
8. Appendix…………………………………………………19
1. Introduction
The purpose of this document is to present briefly the structure of the Android OS, how to set up the
IDE for developing apps, and develop a small application for that runs on an Android capable device. The
application is a proof of concept how Android and Arduino can be interfaced together to monitor a
wireless sensor network inside a house. The Arduino board acts as a node where multiple sensors can be
connected to it, and its role is to send these measurements to an online platform for monitoring
sensors, called Pachube. The app on the Android connects to Pachube, and through its API connects to
the corresponding data stream to get the sensor readings.
Android project file structure
An Android project contains multiple files, much more than in the case of a simple Java project.
Although Android apps are developed in Java, the interface of an app is created using a set of elements
which are defined in XML files. The structure of an Android project is the following:

/src – all the source files go here

/bin – output directory of the build. This is where the final *.apk file will reside

/gen – contains the Java files generated by the ADT, such as the R.java

/res – contains application resources, such as draw able files, layout files and string values

/libs – contains private libraries

AndroidManifest.xml – this control file describes the nature of the application and each of its
components. For instance, it can describe: certain qualities about the activities, services, intent
receivers and content providers; what permissions are requested, what external libraries are
needed; what device features are required; what API levels are supported of requested.
Android development environment
To start programming and developing applications for the Android OS, one must set up the IDE. In our
case, the development environment is Eclipse which runs a plugin for Android called ADT, or Android
Development Tools. Also, the Android SDK must be installed. The correct steps are the following:

Download and install the Android SDK

Download and install the latest SDK tools and platforms using the SDK Manager

Download and install the ADT plugin for Eclipse
After the IDE is set-up and the app was developed, it needs to be downloaded to a phone. This is done in
the following steps:

Download and install HTC Sync

Connect the Android phone through USB to the PC
Download and install the Android SDK
1. Go to http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html and click on the Download the SDK for
Windows
2. Run the executable which starts the installer. The installer checks your machine for required
tools, such as the proper Java SE Development Kit (JDK) and install if necessary. The installer
then saves the Android SDK Tools into a default location.
3. Select Start SDK Manager, and click Finish
Download and install the latest SDK tools
1. After the Android SDK is installed the SDK Manager is started
2. The SDK Tools were previously installed, but to develop Android apps, you must install also the
SDK Platform Tools, and at least one Android platform
3. After you have selected the Platform Tools and one Android platform, click Install
Figure x: The SDK Manager
Download and install the ADT plugin
1. Start Eclipse, then select Help -> Install New Software
2. Click Add, in the top right corner
3. In the Add Repository dialog that appear, enter “ADT Plugin” for the Name and the URL
https://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse for the Location
4. Click OK
5. In the available Software dialog, select the checkbox next to Developer Tools and click Next
6. In the next window, you’ll see a list of the tools to be downloaded. Click Next
7. Read and accept the license agreements, then click Finish
8. When the installation completes, restart Eclipse
Figure x: The “Install New Software” screen for downloading the ADT plugin
Configure the ADT plugin:
1. Select Windows -> Preferences… to open the Preferences panel
2. Select Android from the left panel
3. For the SDK Location in the main panel, click Browse… and locate your downloaded Android SDK
directory (such as android-sdk-windows)
4. Click Apply, then OK
Figure x: The preferences dialog for configuring the ADT plugin
Download and install HTC Sync
1. Go to http://www.htc.com/www/software/htc-sync/ and press Download
2. Run the executable, which is an installer. Choose the Language and press OK.
3. It might need to install additional software, like MSXML, Adobe AIR and HTC Driver. Press Install
4. Accept the license agreement and press Next
5. For simplicity, choose Complete Setup and press Next, and then Install
Connect the Android phone to the PC
1. Using an USB cable connect the phone to the PC
2. When the phone prompts you to choose a type of USB connection, tap HTC Sync, and then tap
Done
3. Wait for the HTC Sync to recognize your phone. On the Device Setup screen, enter a name for
your phone
4. In HTC Sync, click Application Installer
5. Browse for the *.apk file and click OK. Now the app will be copied to the phone
Figure x: HTC Sync
Cosm
Coms, which was formerly known as Pachube, is an online database service allowing developers to
connect sensor derived data to the web and build their own applications based on that data. Cosm has
become, from its launch in 2008 as Pachube, the main platform for the Internet of Things, and it
provides most of its functionality via its Application Programming Interface (API). The API makes it quick
and easy to create devices which connect to the Internet of Things.
The API defines a couple of concepts:

Feed: represents a group of data streams

Data stream: represents an individual sensor/device stream within an environment

Data point: represents the value at a point in time of a data stream and is simply a key value pair
of the timestamp and the value at that time

API key: are keys defined for each individual user and allows that user to send feeds to
cosm.com site.
Arduino
The hardware platform that acts as the main node to which all of the sensors connect is an Arduino
platform. The advantage of Arduino over other boards is the simplicity of the syntax of the programming
language, which is a combination of Wire and Processing. Moreover, the Arduino is open-source and its
community is highly active which ensures an ongoing development. Figure x shows the Processing-based
development environment (IDE) of Arduino.
Figure x: Arduino development environment
The Arduino, as stated before, is only a platform that comes in many shapes and size and from different
manufacturers. I have used the iBoard, an Arduino board from ITeadStudio. The iBoard contains an
Atmel ATMEGA328P microcontroller, has a slot for SD card storage, an Ethernet port, a socket for XBee
module which can optionally add wireless functionality to the board. The iBoard also has 8 ports for
connecting electronic bricks, like sensors or actuators. Figure x shows the iBoard.
Figure x: The iBoard
For the sensor, we used the DHT11 Temperature and Humidity sensor. This sensor features a calibrated
digital signal output with the temperature and humidity sensor complex. Humidity calibration
coefficients are stored in the devices OTP memory. The sensor’s fast response time, use of one wire
interface, digital signal output, small size and low power, make this sensor perfect for our
implementation.
Figure x: DHT11 Temperature and Humidity sensor
Software
The software that runs on the iBoard has the following structure: it reads the data from the sensor,
creates a String with these values, connects to Pachube and sends the readings.
The first step is to read the sensor and put the values in a String called dataString:
// read the sensor temperature:
int chk = DHT11.read(DHT11PIN);
int sensorReading=DHT11.temperature;
// convert the data to a String to send it:
String dataString = String(sensorReading);
// we can append multiple readings to this String if the
// pachube feed is set up to handle multiple values:
int otherSensorReading = DHT11.humidity;
dataString += ",";
dataString += String(otherSensorReading);
The next step is to connect to Pachube and send the data. This is done in the sendData() method. It
connects to pchube.com on port 80, with the command “client.connect("www.pachube.com", 80)”.
Then the number of the feed, as well as the API key is sent to Pachube. In the end the dataString is sent
to Pachube.com.
// this method makes a HTTP connection to the server:
void sendData(String thisData) {
// if there's a successful connection:
if (client.connect("www.pachube.com", 80)) {
Serial.println("connecting...");
// send the HTTP PUT request.
// fill in your feed address here:
client.print("PUT /api/44662.csv HTTP/1.1\n"); //44662 is the ID of the pachube feed which can be
visualised online
client.print("Host: www.pachube.com\n");
// fill in your Pachube API key here:
client.print("X-PachubeApiKey: nb7598NDOQwHW72MHTlkAQl05UR6_sVRkZNiCV7ccxM\n");//api key
is the special key, unique to every user
client.print("Content-Length: ");
client.println(thisData.length(), DEC);
// last pieces of the HTTP PUT request:
client.print("Content-Type: text/csv\n");
client.println("Connection: close\n");
// here's the actual content of the PUT request:
client.println(thisData);
// note the time that the connection was made:
lastConnectionTime = millis();
}
else {
// if you couldn't make a connection:
}
}
Serial.println("connection failed");
The code for the Android OS is composed of several activities, or screens.
Figure x: The architecture of the software
Figure x: The Startup Activity
public class StartupActivity extends Activity {
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.startup);
}
}
public void callMainActivity(View view){
startActivity(new Intent(this, MainActivity.class));
finish();
}
Figure x: The Main Activity
public class MainActivity extends ListActivity {
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstances){
super.onCreate(savedInstances);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
}
}
@Override
protected void onListItemClick(ListView l, View v, int position, long id){
super.onListItemClick(l, v, position, id);
switch(position){
case 0: startActivity(new Intent(this, LightsActivity.class)); break;
case 1: startActivity(new Intent(this, TemperatureActivity.class)); break;
case 2: startActivity(new Intent(this, HumidityActivity.class)); break;
case 3: startActivity(new Intent(this, AdvancedActivity.class)); break;
case 4: startActivity(new Intent(this, HelpActivity.class)); break;
}
}
Figure x: The Lights Activity
public class LightsActivity extends Activity{
}
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstances){
super.onCreate(savedInstances);
setContentView(R.layout.lights);
ToggleButton toggle_SetAllLights=new ToggleButton(this);
ToggleButton toggle_LivingRoom=new ToggleButton(this);
ToggleButton toggle_Bedroom=new ToggleButton(this);
ToggleButton toggle_Kitchen=new ToggleButton(this);
ToggleButton toggle_Bathroom=new ToggleButton(this);
toggle_LivingRoom=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggle_LivingRoom);
toggle_Bedroom=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggle_Bedroom);
toggle_Kitchen=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggle_Kitchen);
toggle_Bathroom=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggle_Bathroom);
toggle_SetAllLights=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggle_SetAllLights);
}
Figure x: The Temperature Activity
public class TemperatureActivity extends Activity{
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstances){
super.onCreate(savedInstances);
setContentView(R.layout.temperature);
TextView temp_name=new TextView(this);
TextView temp_value=new TextView(this);
temp_name=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textview_temperature1_name);
temp_value=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textview_temperature1_value);
try{
Pachube pachube=new
Pachube("xfxR_Mu4Npk79Vj0NRv2HwIknt0yJhDb5ausJECZkGY");
Feed feed=new Feed(pachube);
feed=pachube.getFeed(44642);
ArrayList<Data> array=feed.getData();
temp_name.setText(array.get(0).getTag());
temp_value.setText(Double.toString(array.get(0).getValue()));
} catch(PachubeException e){System.out.println(e.errorMessage);}
}
}
Figure x: The Humidity Activity
public class HumidityActivity extends Activity{
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstances){
super.onCreate(savedInstances);
setContentView(R.layout.humidity);
TextView hum_name=new TextView(this);
TextView hum_value=new TextView(this);
hum_name=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textview_humidity1_name);
hum_value=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textview_humidity1_value);
try{
Pachube pachube=new
Pachube("xfxR_Mu4Npk79Vj0NRv2HwIknt0yJhDb5ausJECZkGY");
Feed feed=new Feed(pachube);
feed=pachube.getFeed(44642);
ArrayList<Data> array=feed.getData();
hum_name.setText(array.get(0).getTag());
hum_value.setText(Double.toString(array.get(1).getValue()));
} catch(PachubeException e){System.out.println(e.errorMessage);}
}
}
Figure x: The Advanced Activity
public class AdvancedActivity extends Activity{
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstances){
super.onCreate(savedInstances);
setContentView(R.layout.advanced);
SharedPreferences settings=getSharedPreferences("Settings",0);
SharedPreferences.Editor prefEditor=settings.edit();
//***************
EditText APIkey=new EditText(this);
EditText feed=new EditText(this);
APIkey=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.edittext_APIkey);
feed=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.edittext_Feed);
prefEditor.putString("APIkey_pref", APIkey.getText().toString());
prefEditor.putString("Feed_pref", feed.getText().toString());
prefEditor.commit();
}
}
public void callSetTriggersActivity(View view){
startActivity(new Intent(this, SetTriggersActivity.class));
}
Conclusions
Developing for Android has several downsides. First of all, the lack of a dedicated IDE and thus
the requirement to develop in Eclipse means two things: developers who are familiar with Eclipse will
have no problem transitioning to developing for Android; on the other hand Eclipse requires some
(extensive) configuration so one can develop for Android. This implies not just installing the plugin, but
also the Android SDK and platform tools. I have found that setting up was not that straightforward as it
seems.
Another issue is that Android is a combination of Java development and XML files. The tree
structure of an Android project can be overwhelming for a beginner. The XML files contain static
elements, like strings, images, animations, so it can be quite hard to figure out what resource goes
where.
On the other hand, downloading the app to the phone is very easy. The HTC has an app for
Windows, called HTC Sync that allows for syncing data between the phone and the PC. The process is as
easy as specifying the executable code and click on the “Upload” button.
Pachube had a Java library which supported their platform. However, after being bought by
Cosm, they changed the API and the old Java library is unsupported. Now it is impossible to use the
current API to communicate from an Android phone with the Cosm platform.
References
Installing the Eclipse ADT plugin:
http://developer.android.com/sdk/installing/installing-adt.html
Installing apps to an Android device:
http://www.htc.com/help/www/howto_iframe.aspx?id=192&type=1&p_id=313
Appendix A
Code for Arduino
/*
This sketch connects a temperature/humidity sensor to Pin A2 on the Iboard 1.0.
The board is connected to the internet through the Ethernet port.
Equivalent with pin 16 on the datasheet
*/
#include <dht11.h> //use the special library which comes with the temperature/humidity sensor
#include <SPI.h>
#include <Ethernet.h>
// assign a MAC address for the ethernet controller.
byte mac[] = {
0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xFE, 0xED};
#define DHT11PIN 16 //pin on which the sensor is connected
dht11 DHT11;
// available IP address on the network
// for manual configuration:
IPAddress ip(192, 168, 1 , 144);
// initialize the library instance:
EthernetClient client;
long lastConnectionTime = 0;
// last time you connected to the server, in milliseconds
boolean lastConnected = false; // state of the connection last time through the main loop
const int postingInterval = 10000; //delay between updates to Pachube.com
void setup() {
// start serial port:
Serial.begin(9600);
// give the ethernet module time to boot up:
delay(1000);
// start the Ethernet connection:
if (Ethernet.begin(mac) == 0) {
Serial.println("Failed to configure Ethernet using DHCP");
// Configure manually:
Ethernet.begin(mac, ip);
}
}
void loop() {
// read the sensor temperature:
int chk = DHT11.read(DHT11PIN);
int sensorReading=DHT11.temperature;
// convert the data to a String to send it:
String dataString = String(sensorReading);
// we can append multiple readings to this String if the
// pachube feed is set up to handle multiple values:
int otherSensorReading = DHT11.humidity;
dataString += ",";
dataString += String(otherSensorReading);
// if there's incoming data from the net connection.
// send it out the serial port. This is for debugging
// purposes only:
if (client.available()) {
char c = client.read();
Serial.print(c);
}
// if there's no net connection, but there was one last time
// through the loop, then stop the client:
if (!client.connected() && lastConnected) {
Serial.println();
Serial.println("disconnecting.");
client.stop();
}
}
// if you're not connected, and ten seconds have passed since
// your last connection, then connect again and send data:
if(!client.connected() && (millis() - lastConnectionTime > postingInterval)) {
sendData(dataString);
}
// store the state of the connection for next time through
// the loop:
lastConnected = client.connected();
// this method makes a HTTP connection to the server:
void sendData(String thisData) {
// if there's a successful connection:
if (client.connect("www.pachube.com", 80)) {
Serial.println("connecting...");
// send the HTTP PUT request.
// fill in your feed address here:
client.print("PUT /api/44662.csv HTTP/1.1\n"); //44662 is the ID of the pachube feed which can be
visualised online
client.print("Host: www.pachube.com\n");
// fill in your Pachube API key here:
client.print("X-PachubeApiKey: nb7598NDOQwHW72MHTlkAQl05UR6_sVRkZNiCV7ccxM\n");//api key
is the special key, unique to every user
client.print("Content-Length: ");
client.println(thisData.length(), DEC);
// last pieces of the HTTP PUT request:
client.print("Content-Type: text/csv\n");
client.println("Connection: close\n");
// here's the actual content of the PUT request:
client.println(thisData);
// note the time that the connection was made:
lastConnectionTime = millis();
}
}
else {
// if you couldn't make a connection:
Serial.println("connection failed");
}
Appendix B
Code for Android
StartupActivity.java
package com.domotics;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
public class StartupActivity extends Activity {
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.startup);
}
}
public void callMainActivity(View view){
startActivity(new Intent(this, MainActivity.class));
finish();
}
MainActivity.java
package com.domotics;
/*import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParser;
import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserException;
import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserFactory;*/
import android.app.ListActivity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.ListView;
public class MainActivity extends ListActivity {
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstances){
super.onCreate(savedInstances);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
}
@Override
protected void onListItemClick(ListView l, View v, int position, long id){
super.onListItemClick(l, v, position, id);
switch(position){
case 0: startActivity(new Intent(this, LightsActivity.class));
break;
case 1: startActivity(new Intent(this, TemperatureActivity.class));
break;
case 2: startActivity(new Intent(this, HumidityActivity.class));
break;
case 3: startActivity(new Intent(this, AdvancedActivity.class));
break;
case 4: startActivity(new Intent(this, HelpActivity.class));
break;
}
}
}
Temperature.java
package com.domotics;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import Pachube.Data;
import Pachube.Feed;
import Pachube.Pachube;
import Pachube.PachubeException;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class TemperatureActivity extends Activity{
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstances){
super.onCreate(savedInstances);
setContentView(R.layout.temperature);
TextView temp_name=new TextView(this);
TextView temp_value=new TextView(this);
temp_name=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textview_temperature1_name);
temp_value=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textview_temperature1_value);
try{
Pachube pachube=new
Pachube("xfxR_Mu4Npk79Vj0NRv2HwIknt0yJhDb5ausJECZkGY");
Feed feed=new Feed(pachube);
feed=pachube.getFeed(44642);
ArrayList<Data> array=feed.getData();
temp_name.setText(array.get(0).getTag());
temp_value.setText(Double.toString(array.get(0).getValue()));
} catch(PachubeException e){System.out.println(e.errorMessage);}
}
}
LightsActivity.java
package com.domotics;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.ToggleButton;
public class LightsActivity extends Activity{
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstances){
super.onCreate(savedInstances);
setContentView(R.layout.lights);
ToggleButton toggle_SetAllLights=new ToggleButton(this);
ToggleButton toggle_LivingRoom=new ToggleButton(this);
ToggleButton toggle_Bedroom=new ToggleButton(this);
ToggleButton toggle_Kitchen=new ToggleButton(this);
ToggleButton toggle_Bathroom=new ToggleButton(this);
toggle_LivingRoom=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggle_LivingRoom);
toggle_Bedroom=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggle_Bedroom);
toggle_Kitchen=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggle_Kitchen);
toggle_Bathroom=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggle_Bathroom);
toggle_SetAllLights=(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.toggle_SetAllLights);
//toggle_SetAllLights.setOnClickListener(toggleListener);
}
/*private OnClickListener toggleListener=new OnClickListener(){
public void onClick(View v){
if(toggle_SetAllLights.isChecked()){
toggle_LivingRoom.setChecked(true);
toggle_Bedroom.setChecked(true);
toggle_Kitchen.setChecked(true);
toggle_Bathroom.setChecked(true);
};
}
}
};
*/
HumidityActivity.java
package com.domotics;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import Pachube.Data;
import Pachube.Feed;
import Pachube.Pachube;
import Pachube.PachubeException;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class HumidityActivity extends Activity{
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstances){
super.onCreate(savedInstances);
setContentView(R.layout.humidity);
TextView hum_name=new TextView(this);
TextView hum_value=new TextView(this);
hum_name=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textview_humidity1_name);
hum_value=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textview_humidity1_value);
try{
Pachube pachube=new
Pachube("xfxR_Mu4Npk79Vj0NRv2HwIknt0yJhDb5ausJECZkGY");
Feed feed=new Feed(pachube);
feed=pachube.getFeed(44642);
ArrayList<Data> array=feed.getData();
hum_name.setText(array.get(0).getTag());
hum_value.setText(Double.toString(array.get(1).getValue()));
} catch(PachubeException e){System.out.println(e.errorMessage);}
}
}
AdvancedActivity.java
package com.domotics;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.SharedPreferences;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class AdvancedActivity extends Activity{
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstances){
super.onCreate(savedInstances);
setContentView(R.layout.advanced);
SharedPreferences settings=getSharedPreferences("Settings",0);
SharedPreferences.Editor prefEditor=settings.edit();
//***************
EditText APIkey=new EditText(this);
EditText feed=new EditText(this);
APIkey=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.edittext_APIkey);
feed=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.edittext_Feed);
prefEditor.putString("APIkey_pref", APIkey.getText().toString());
prefEditor.putString("Feed_pref", feed.getText().toString());
prefEditor.commit();
}
public void callSetTriggersActivity(View view){
startActivity(new Intent(this, SetTriggersActivity.class));
}
}
HelpActivity.java
package com.domotics;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
public class HelpActivity extends Activity{
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstances){
super.onCreate(savedInstances);
setContentView(R.layout.help);
}
}
AndroidManifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.domotics"
android:versionCode="1"
android:versionName="1.0" >
<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="8" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
<application
android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:debuggable="true">
<activity
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:name=".StartupActivity" >
<intent-filter >
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
<activity android:name=".MainActivity"></activity>
<activity android:name=".LightsActivity"></activity>
<activity android:name=".TemperatureActivity"></activity>
<activity android:name=".HumidityActivity"></activity>
<activity android:name=".AdvancedActivity"></activity>
<activity android:name=".HelpActivity"></activity>
<activity android:name=".SetTriggersActivity"></activity>
</application>
</manifest>