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EA C461 – Artificial Intelligence
Introduction
S.P.Vimal
http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/~vimalsp/1910AI/
To discuss…
• What is artificial Intelligence?
• Course Structure / Administrative issues
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Course Administrative Issues
• Mon-Wed-Fri
7th hour (2:00 PM)
• Consulting hour: Monday 9th hour
RN2221
RN 2152-A
• Notices
– Course home page
• http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/~vimalsp/1910AI/index.htm
– IPC Notice Board
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Course Administrative Issues
• Evaluation
– Test-1
– Test-2
– Compre
20 %
20 %
40 %
– Surprise Quiz
05%
Open Book
Open Book
Closed Book
11/09 -02:00 PM
23/10 -02:00 PM
10/12 – Afternoon
Closed Book
best 2 of (2.5% x 3)
• This Quiz can be conducted in Lab hours / Lecture hours
– Assignments
Vimal
15%
Open Book
(2 x 7.5%)
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Course Administrative Issues
• Makeup Policy
–
–
–
–
–
Vimal
Read the handout
Sufficient documents needed
At the instructors discretion
Usually scheduled within a week of regular exam
No makeup for Surprise Quizzes
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence ???
• Artificial
– made by human skill; produced by humans
– imitation; simulated
–…
• Intelligence ?
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
• Is intelligence a single faculty or collection
of unrelated abilities?
• Is it learned / preexisted?
• What happens when learning occurs???
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
• Can intelligence be inferred from
observable behavior / does it require some
evidence of a internal mechanism?
• How does knowledge represented in the
nerve tissue of a living being, and what
lessons does this have on the design of
intelligent machines?
• Does intelligence require the richness of
sensation?
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
• Is it really necessary to pattern an
intelligent computer program after what is
known as intelligence, or is it strictly an
engineering activity specific to the
problem
• What is self awareness? What role does it
play on intelligence?
• Getting the definition of the field itself
remains one of the goals of the field.
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
• Approaches to AI
– Human centered
– Rationalist
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Rationally
Acting
Thinking
“The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when
performed by people” (Kurtzweil, 1990)
“The study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people are
better” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
Humanly
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
• "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave
intelligently?"
• Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation
Game
• Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30%
chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes
• Suggested major components of AI: language
understanding, knowledge, reasoning, learning
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Rationally
Acting
Thinking
“The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when
performed by people” (Kurtzweil, 1990)
“The study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people are
better” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
“[The automation of] activities that we associate
with human thinking, activities such as decisionmaking, problem solving, learning…”
(Bellman, 1978)
“ The exciting new efforts to make computers
think… machines with minds, in the full and
literal sense ” (Haugeland, 1985)
Humanly
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Thinking humanly: cognitive
modeling
• How do we get inside the working of human
mind?
– Introspection
– Psychological experiments
• Cognitive Science (CS)
– Computer models from AI + Experimental Techniques
from Psychology  precise and testable theory of
human mind
• Still a tension between AI & CS
– Perform well on the task  a model of human mind
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Rationally
“The study of mental faculties through the use
of computational models” (Charniak and
McDermott, 1985)
“The study of computation that make it possible
to perceive, reason, and act” (Winston, 1992)
Acting
Thinking
“The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when
performed by people” (Kurtzweil, 1990)
“The study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people are
better” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
“[The automation of] activities that we associate
with human thinking, activities such as decisionmaking, problem solving, learning…”
(Bellman, 1978)
“ The exciting new efforts to make computers
think… machines with minds, in the full and
literal sense ” (Haugeland, 1985)
Humanly
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Thinking rationally: "laws of thought"
• Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought
processes?
• Several Greek schools developed various forms of
logic: notation and rules of derivation for
thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to the
idea of mechanization
• Problems:
– Logical representation of informal knowledge
– Problems with few dozens of facts can exhaust the
computational resources
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Rationally
“The study of mental faculties through the use
of computational models” (Charniak and
McDermott, 1985)
“Computational intelligence is the study of
the design of intelligent agents” (Poole et
al., 1998)
“The study of computation that make it possible
to perceive, reason, and act” (Winston, 1992)
“AI … is concerned with intelligent
behavior in artifacts” (Nillson, 1998)
Acting
Thinking
“The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when
performed by people” (Kurtzweil, 1990)
“The study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people are
better” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
“[The automation of] activities that we associate
with human thinking, activities such as decisionmaking, problem solving, learning…”
(Bellman, 1978)
“ The exciting new efforts to make computers
think… machines with minds, in the full and
literal sense ” (Haugeland, 1985)
Humanly
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Acting rationally: rational agent
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
• The right thing: that which is expected to
maximize goal achievement, given the
available information
Vimal
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Topic
Learning Objectives
1
Problem Solving
by search
To understand those elements constituting
problems and learn to solve it by various
uninformed and informed (heuristics based)
searching techniques
2
Knowledge
Representati
on and
Reasoning
To understand those formal methods for
representing the knowledge and the process
of inference to derive new representations
of the knowledge to deduce what to do
3
Uncertain
Knowledge
Representati
on and
Reasoning
To understand the notion of uncertainty and
some of probabilistic reasoning methods to
deduce inferences under uncertainty
4
Machine
Learning
Modules
Vimal
To understand some of those mechanisms by
which an AI system can improve it’s
behavior through its experience
EA C461- Artificial Intelligence
Lectures
12
12
6
10