Download COMMUNICATION MODEL

COMMUNICATION MODEL
The way we
Communicate
What is Communication?
The process of
sending and
reviewing messages
to share meanings.
Elements of the Model
 Sender
- Speaker
 Receiver - Listener
 Messages
 Feedback
 Encoding
 Decoding
 Interference
Two kinds of Messages
 Verbal
- using
words
–volume
–tone
 Non-Verbal
–appearance
–gestures
–body
movement
–eye contact
–spatial
relations
What is Feedback?
 Reaction
of
the receiver to
the sender’s
message.
 Tells the
sender how to
send the next
message.
Encoding
How
the sender decides to
send the messages based
on PREDICTIONS or prior
knowledge about the
receiver
Decoding
 Applying
meaning and
understanding the message
that has been sent
Interference
 External
–outside influences that affect
communication
–noisy room; airplane overhead
 Internal
–inside influences that affect
communication
–prejudices; anxiety; worry
Channels of Communication
Channels
are the senses
you use in communication
Hear
See
Touch
Levels of Information
(Encoding = Predicting
reactions)
 Cultural
- Little info. About receiver
 Sociological
- Some general info.
About the receiver.
 Individual
- Personal knowledge of
the receiver.
Purposes of Communication
 General
– Social Contact
– Self-Esteem
– Gain & Share
knowledge
 Specific
–Exchange Info.
–Exerting
Control
–Following
Social rules
–Sharing
Feelings
What is Perception?
 Process
of filtering
and interpreting
what your senses
tell you so you can
create a
meaningful picture
of the world.
Steps in Perception
 Something
affects the senses
–see, hear, taste, smell, touch
 interpret
the sensation (give
meaning to it)
Differences in Perception
come from:
 Physical
Differences
 Past
Experiences;
background
Differences in perception
come from:
 Present
feelings;
circumstances
 Differences
using
information
in
Differences in Perception
come from:
 Differences
in
expectations
Verbal Communication
 Uses
words: symbols that
represent things but are not the
things themselves.
 Why
language changes: the
world is changing. New ideas
and inventions need words to
describe them.
Meanings of Words
 Denotative
Meaning---definition
found in the dictionary
 Connotative
Meaning---everyday
meaning; emotional or personal
response to a word
Kinds of Language
 Technical--area
specific language;
mechanic
 Regional---specific to geographic
area; soda vs. pop
 Slang---phat
 Cultural--specific to particular religious
or ethnic group; barmitzvah
Verbal Strategies that affect
communication
 Exclude
 Include
 Put
Down
 Build Up
 Reveal Self
 Conceal Self
 All
of these
verbal
strategies are
similar to the
nonverbal
strategies
Nonverbal Communication
 Sending
and Receiving
messages without the use of
words. Involves:
appearance, gestures,
posture, eye contact, facial
expressions, spatial relations,
and time.
Most communication is
NONVERBAL
7%
38%
55%
Facial
Expressions
Verbal
Expression
Vocal
Expression
Nonverbal Communication
 Intentional
-
using
nonverbal
techniques to
support verbal
message(s)
 Accidental
-
nonverbal
messages sent
that the sender is
unaware of but
still communicate
a message. Can
contradict verbals
Never say anything
that cannot improve
upon silence
Vocal Cues as Nonverbals
 Pitch---the
highness or lowness of
voice
 Rate---how slowly or quickly a
person talks
 Volume---loudness or softness of
voice
 Quality---sound of the voice
Nonverbals Can:
Repeat
support
contradict
replace
regulate
Spatial Relations
 Intimate
space---up to 1 1/2 feet;
hugging, telling secrets
 Personal space---1 1/2 to 4 feet; quiet
conversation
 Social space---4 to 12 feet; group
discussions
 Public space---over 12 feet; calling or
waving
Listening
Accurate
Receiving
Hearing vs. Listening
 Hearing
-
physical
ability to pick
up sound
waves.
 Listening
-4
steps
–hear
–interpret
–understand
–recall
Barriers to Listening
Internal
Distractions
External Distractions
Personal Biases
Conflicting Demands
Active Listening:
Stay Tuned In
Most people would
rather TALK than
LISTEN
 We
understand 450 words
per minute!
 We speak only 175 words
per minute.
 How can we stay focused
during the “wasted” time?
Staying Tuned in: Active
Listening
Read
nonverbals
Avoid
distractions
Staying Tuned In: Active
Listening
 Apply
the
ideas to
yourself
 Paraphrase
 Know your
effect on the
sender
You can never NOT
communicate
Self-Concept
 Beliefs
about who you are
based on perceptions,
expectations, and others’
reactions
 Formed early in life
 Static---Hard to change
Self Concept and Self-Efficacy
 Those
with poor self-concept
will complete tasks that are too
EASY or too HARD
 Self-efficacy is your belief on
what you can do
What you need to know for
the test!!!