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Anatomy and Physiology
Mid-term Study Guide
Midterm Review Topic List and Study Questions.
Disclaimer: This is by no means a comprehensive review and SHOULD NOT be used as a
standalone review guide. Student’s should reference their notebook (notes, labs, homework,
assignments, quizzes) as well as their textbook for a more thorough review. Anything that has been
covered to date is fair game for the Midterm exam
Unit 1 – Intro to Anatomy
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Differentiate between the study of anatomy and physiology
Identify the levels of organization in an organism
Identify the general functions of the organ systems
Explain the process of homeostasis in the human body
o Positive vs. Negative Feedback
Correctly use the reginal and directional terms
Identify the planes/sections of the human body
Unit 2 – Histology (Cells and Tissues)
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Epithelial Tissue
o Function
o Types
o Identify structure
o Endocrine vs. exocrine glands
Connective Tissue
o Distinguish between the types of connective tissue
o Explain the extracellular matrix
Muscle tissue
o Know the 3 types and characteristics of each
Neural tissue
o Explain the function
Tissue Healing
o Explain the process of tissue/wound repair
Unit 3 – Integumentary
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Distinguish between epithelial membranes and connective tissue membranes
Explain the function of the integumentary system
Identify the role of the cells within the integumentary system
o Melanocytes
o Keratinocytes
o Langerhans Cells
Distinguish between the structure and function of the different layers of the skin
Distinguish between the structure and function of the accessory structures
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Identify the characteristics of skin disorders
Explain the rule of nine and the ABCD rule as it relates to the integumentary system.
Unit 4 - Skeletal System
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Explain the function of the skeletal system
Label the microanatomy of the skeleton
Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeleton
o Be able to identify the various bones of the skeleton
Explain the role of calcium in the onset of osteoporosis
Anatomy and Physiology Midyear Review
Unit 1 – Intro to Anatomy
I.
Matching
A. Integumentary System
B. Muscular System
C. Endocrine System
D. Lymphatic System
E. Digestive System
F. Reproductive System
G. Skeletal System
_____E____ 1. Contains the small and large intestines
_____C____ 2. Slow acting system that contains hormones
_____H____ 3. Fast acting system that includes the brain
______A___ 4. Contains the skin, hair, and nails
_____K____ 5. Includes the bladder, ureters, and urethra
_____D____ 6. Picks up fluids leaked from blood vessels
______J___ 7. Contains the trachea
____F_____ 8. Includes the ovaries and uterus
____B_____ 9. Contains tissues that contract
_____I____ 10. Includes the heart and blood vessels
_____A____ 11. Includes sweat glands
_____G____ 12. Includes the skull bones, femur, etc
_____G____ 13. Includes joints and cartilage
____J_____ 14. Involved with gas exchange in the body
____H_____ 15. Includes the spinal cord
H. Nervous System
I. Cardiovascular System
J. Respiratory System
K. Urinary System
II.
Use the regional terms in your book as a word bank to complete the following
matching.
FEMORAL 16. Thigh
ORBITAL 17. Eye area
PATELLAR 18. Anterior knee
SACRAL 19. Between hips
CARPAL 20. Wrist
CERVICAL 21. Neck region
DIGITAL 22. Fingers and toes
BRACHIAL 23. Arm
III.
Use the orientation/direction terms in your book to fill in the blanks.
24. The head is SUPERIOR to the foot.
25. The ribs are SUPERFICIAL to the lungs.
26. The sternum is MEDIAL to the arm.
27. The knee is PROXIMAL to the ankle.
28. The skin is SUPERFICIAL to the bones.
29. The heart is DEEP to the skin.
30. The shoulders are LATERAL to the neck.
31. The ribs are INTERMEDIATE to the sternum and armpits.
IV.
Draw a simple sketch of the three major planes in the human body
V.
Fill in the table below:
Name of Body Cavity
Spinal
Dorsal/Ventral
Organs
SPINAL CORD
DORSAL
CRAINIAL
BRAIN
Thoracic
Dorsal
VENTRAL
LUNGS, HEART, ETC
ADBOMINOPELVIC
VENTRAL
Uterus
Unit 2 – Histology (Cells and Tissue)
I. List the order of organization in the human body starting with cells:
Cells  TISSUES  ORGANS  ORGAN SYSTEMS
II. Fill in the following table about body tissue:
Type of Epithelium Tissue
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
Description/Drawing
1 Layer/fish scales or
Cobblestone
Locations
ALEVEOLI OF THE LUNGS
Simple cuboidal
1 LAYER/CUBE-SHAPPED
KIDNEY
SIMPLE COLOUMNAR
1 layer/Tall, column-shaped
LINING OF THE STOMACH
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
MORE THAN 1 LAYER (FISH Esophagus
SCALES OR
COBBLESTONE)
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
COLUMNAR
1 LAYER, BUT LOOKS LIKE
MORE THAN 1 COLUMNAR
LAYER BECAUSE NOT ALL
REST ON THE BASEMENT
MEMBRANE
Trachea
Transitional
ROUNDED BUT FLATEEN
AND ELONGATED WHEN
THEY EXPANED
URIANARY BLADDER
1. Why are neurons (nerve cells) long and thin? How is their form related to their
function?
THERE ARE LONG EXTENSIONS THAT ALLOW FOR THE ACTION POTEINTIONAL TO BE
CARRIED FROM THE BRAIN TO MUSCLES OR OTHER NEURONS. THE NEURONS CAN
SEND SIGNALS OVER LONG DISTANCES BECAUSE OF THE LONG CYLINDRICAL
STRUCTURE.
2. What are the three classification of muscle tissue? How are they different from each
other?
3. What is the extracellular matrix?
A COLLECTION OF FIBRES, PROTEIN, AND INTERACEULLAR FULID THAT
ENCAPSULATES THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLLS IN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS.
THIS PROPERTY HELPS TO DETERMINE THE TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
Unit 3 – Integumentary System
I. Questions about the Integumentary System.
1. List the layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest
STRATUM CORNEUM, STRATUM LUCIDIUM, STRATUM GRANULOSUM, STARTUM
SPINOSUM, AND STRATUM BASULE
2. Explain the difference between an eccrine (sweat) gland and sebaceous gland.
ECCCRINE – SECCRETE SWEAT EVERYWHERE BUT THE PLAMS AND SOLES OF FEET.
SEBACEOUS GLAND – SECRETE CELL FRAGMENTS WITH FATTY ACID AND SEBUM.
3. Why are skin cells that are closest to the surface all dead?
1. TOO FAR AWAY FROM BLOOD SUPPLY
2. TOO MUCH KERATIN KILLS THEM
4. What is the arrector pili muscle and what is its role?
THEY ACTIVATE WHEN WE ARE COLD OR SCARED TO MAKE HAIR STAND ON END
5. Explain the rule of nines. What is considered critical?
IT ESTIMATES WHAT % OF FLUIDS MAY BE LOST FROM THE BODY DUE TO BURNS. IT
DIVIDES THE BODY INTO DIFFERENT % THAT ADD UPTO 100%.
 10% IS CRITICAL FOR 3RD DEGREE BURNS OR ANY 3RD DEGREE
BURN ON FACE OR HANDS.
6. List the ABCD’s of skin cancer. What does each letter mean?
A = ASSYMETRY
B = BORDER
C = COLOR
D = DIAMETER
7. Look at a diagram of the skin cell in your textbook and match the following clues with
the correct region/part of the skin:
ADIPOSE
A. Yellow cells found in subcutaneous layer
DERMIS
B. Layer where follicle resides
SEBACOUS GLAND C. Secretes sebum
EPIDERMIS
D. Mostly dead skin
DERMAL PAPILAE E. Responsible for fingerprints
ARRECTOR PILLI MUSCLE F. Responsible for “goosebumps”
Unit 4 – The Skeletal System
I. Matching the classification of bones:
Long bones (L)
Short bones (S)
Flat bones (F)
Irregular bones (I)
L 1. Humerus
L
I
4. Vertebrae
L
7. Radius
F
10. Sternum
2. Tibia
F
3. Occipital
S
5. Carpals F
6. Parietal
S
8. Patella
9. Ribs
F
II. Matching Skull Bones/Markings
FRONTAL
12. Makes up the forehead
SPHENOID
13. Bat shaped bone
FORMAN MAGUM 14. Opening for spinal cord
EXTERNAL ACUSTIC MEATUS 15. Leads to eardrum
LACRIMAL
16. Spot for tear ducts
ZYGOMATIC 17. Cheekbone
OCCIPITAL 18. Posterior most skull bone
III. Label the parts of the long bone:
EPHIPHYSIS
1.
DIAPHYSIS
2.
EPHIPHYSIS
3.
SPONGY BONE 4.
EPHIPHYSEAL LINE 5.
Blood Vessel
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE 7.
6.