Download midterm 16 review

Nutrition
 Involves taking in nutrients =
 Ingestion
 Breaking them down = digestion
 And excreting waste = egestion
Cellular Respiration
 Process by which
glucose is broken down
and energy is released in
a
all cells
of
 Cellular Respiration gives off
carbon dioxide CO2, ATP
(energy), and WATER VAPOR
 It requires
Autotroph
 Organisms that
Heterotroph
 Must
Pancreas
 Secretes digestive
enzymes into small
intestine
by
releasing insulin (lowers
blood sugar) and
glucagon (raises blood
sugar)through Islets of
Langerhans
 Malfunctioning pancreas
leads to
Hormones
 Special chemical messages sent to the
body
 Shape specific
Artery
Cartilage
tissue found
between
contact
(
)
Osmosis
Diffusion
 Movement of a substance from
concentration
 This movement does not require energy=
Passive Transport
Liver
 Secretes
and releases it into the small intestine
to break down fats=
Cell Membrane
 Double layer of
molecules
and
and
out of cell
all
in and
Heart
 Right Atrium: receives
blood
 Right Ventricle: pumps
blood
 Left Atrium: receives
blood
 Left Ventricle: pumps
blood
Homeostasis
through
small changes that keep the
internal environment at a level
needed for survival
Cells
 The basic unit of structure and
function in all living things
(organisms)
Bones
 System of levers that provides the
body with
,
of
internal organs, and means for
Photosynthesis
 Water + Sunlight + Carbon dioxide +
Chlorophyll
Glucose + Oxygen
Neurotransmitter
 Special chemical that
between two neurons
Cell Membrane
Excretion
produced by the
body’s cells
Platelets
 Small cell fragments that
 Carbohydrates and proteins are
too big to pass through the cell
membrane
 Must be broken down first into Carbohydrates
 Proteins
Active Transport
 Movement across a
membrane from an
area of
 Requires extra
cellular
Receptors
 Cell membrane contains receptors
which receive signals from other areas
 Receptor molecules are
AIDS
cquired mmune
yndrome
eficiency
 Caused by the HIV virus that
gradually
cells, weakening the immune
system, and reducing the body’s
ability to fight infections
Histamine
 Substance the body releases that
causes an
, like
sneezing etc.
Negative Feedback
98.7° F
 A change (stimuli) causes a response
in an attempt to
 Ex: Blood sugar is high, pancreas
secretes insulin to lower blood sugar
 Ex: Body temperature too high– you
sweat to cool body down
Stomates/ Stoma
 Found on underside of leaves
 Special openings that allow
to be
Asexual Reproduction
 Offspring are exact copies (clones),
Meiosis
 A type of
that only occurs in
 Gametes= sperm
and egg cuts
 Chromosome
number in half.
Scrotum
 Maintains
proper
temperature
for sperm
production - a
few degrees
cooler outside
the body
Uterus (womb)
 Where
and
to the wall
into a fetus
Ovary
and make the hormones
and
Placenta
 Attached to the wall of uterus
and fetus
between mother
Gametes
 Males: produced in testes
 Females: produced in ovaries
Fertilization
 Fertilization=
egg
= fertilized
 Recombination=
zygote contains genes
from both parents
that have recombined
Differentiation – the zygote
Copies itself by mitosis .
Vaccine
 Injection of a small amount of a
disease
 Allows body to
Pulse (Heart) Rate
 The
at which your
 Measured in beats per
minute (bpm)
 Can be felt at arteries close
to the skin’s surface (wrist,
neck, upper arm)
Changes in Pulse Rate
 Pulse rate changes based on the
throughout the
body to maintain homeostasis
 Normal pulse rate 60-90 bpm
Meiosis
 See slide 31 for definition
 Cuts the chromosome number in
half from 46 to 23 in sex cells
 Sperm cells (spermatogenesis): one
sperm cell with 46 chromosomes
becomes
• Egg cells (Oogenesis): one egg cell
divides into
cell with
and 3 nonfunctional
egg cells
Genetic Variation
 Meiosis is responsible for genetic
variation
- during meiosis,
some segments of chromosomes
are exchanged, creating genetic
variation
Genetic Recombination
 Zygote (fertilized egg) contains
that have
recombined
Plant Cell Structures
- extra layer
located outside of cell
membrane, provides
rigid structure
- green,
contain chlorophyll
for photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
 Plants make their own food
 Glucose provides energy for
all living organisms
 It must be converted into a
useable energy form (ATP)
through
Mitochondria
 Site for
- process by which
glucose is broken down and
energy is released in a
Mitochondria
Cellular Respiration
Enzymes
ATP
Antigen
 Any substance in your body (bad
thing) that causes
 This is known as the
Antibody
 Defense mechanism body produces
in
 Produced as part of the
Proteins are made of amino acids
Starches are made of simple sugars.