Download APWH Strayer Unit One

PROMPT: THE TEXTBOOK IDENTIFIES THE PALEOLITHIC ERA AS A
TIME WHEN THERE WAS NO WRITING. MANY SCHOLARS BELIEVE
THAT THIS TIME PERIOD SHOULD NOT BE TAUGHT. OTHERS,
HOWEVER, STILL BELIEVE IT IS AN IMPORTANT TIME PERIOD. BASED
ON WHAT YOU READ WHAT EVIDENCE IS THERE TO SUPPORT THE
CLAIM THAT WE SHOULD START TEACHING HISTORY WITH THE
PALEOLITHIC ERA?
¢  Include
evidence from your text that can be found in your
notes
¢  You must have at least three pieces of evidence to support
the teaching of the Paleolithic Era
PROMPT: WHAT EVIDENCE
PROVES HOW VARIOUS
PALEOLITHIC SOCIETIES DIFFER
FROM ONE ANOTHER, AND HOW
THEY CHANGED OVER TIME?
UNIT ONE: TECHNOLOGICAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATIONS
Ways of the World Chapters 1-3
CHAPTER ONE: FIRST PEOPLES;
POPULATING THE PLANET
Unit One: Technological and Environmental
Transformations
PALEOLITHIC ERA
¢  From
250,000 to
10,000yrs. ago
¢  95% of human time
¢  Initial settlement of
the planet
¢  Creation of earliest
societies
¢  Reflection on
questions of life and
death
¢  Cultural changes
— 
Foundation of human
history
FIRST MIGRATIONS
¢  “Human
— 
Revolution”
100,000 years ago
¢  Culture-learned
or invented
ways of living that shapes
behavior
¢  African movements
— 
Forests and Deserts
¢  Technological
— 
— 
innovations
Stone blades, spears, bone
tools
Hunting/fishing live animals
¢  Adaptation
to every
environmental niche
¢  Sahul
— 
Supercontinent
CHARACTERISTICS OF PALEOLITHIC PEOPLES
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Society
—  Personal kinship, Egalitarian, Slow
Population Growth, Lack of Surplus
Goods
Politics
—  Leaders arose to assign tasks as need
– no permanent power
—  Austronesians - Chiefdoms
Interactions
—  Altered environment
¢  Extinction of plants, animals,
other hominid’s.
Culture
—  Ceremonial life and space
¢  Deep in caves
¢  Shaman
—  Presence of Deities
—  Venus figurines
Economy
—  “Original affluent society”
THE LASCAUX CAVES
PALEOLITHIC SETTLEMENTS
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New environments,
population growth, climate
alteration, interactions cause
slow change
End of Ice Age
—  More diverse
environment
¢  Improved conditions
—  Egalitarianism slipped
Regional specialized
technologies , larger
dwellings, larger burial sites,
dogs, larger consumption of
animals/plants
Greater demand on the
environment
COMPARING PALEOLITHIC PEOPLES
¢ 
¢ 
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San of S. Africa
—  Angola, Namibia,
Botswana
—  50,000-80,000ppl.
Most absorbed or displaced
by Bantu
No formal leaders
Traveled in bands of 10-30
— 
— 
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Could be in multiple bands
Dependent on nature
Characterized by mobility,
sharing, and equality
—  “Insulting the meat”
Multiple Gods
—  Evil influences
¢ 
¢ 
Chumash of Southern
California
—  Santa Barbara, CA
¢  Permanent Villages
Spanish interrupted; new
society emerged after
Canoe (tomol) central
innovation
—  Led to social inequality
—  Stimulates trade
—  Deep-sea fishing
Elaborate living conditions
Class distinctions
—  Permanent Elite
—  Burials, clothing –
bearskin caps
WARM UP: ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
What is the significance of the Paleolithic era in
World History?
What do Paleolithic peoples have in common?
In what ways do they differ?
What is the Human Revolution?
What are the positive effects of Paleolithic
settlements?
What are the negative effects of Paleolithic
settlements?
WARM UP: CREATE NOTECARDS FOR THE
FOLLOWING TERMS:
¢ 
¢ 
Austronesian Migration
Brotherhood of the Tomol
¢ 
Chumash culture
Clovis culture
¢ 
Dreamtime
¢ 
¢ 
“Gathering and hunting
peoples”
¢ 
“Human Revolution”
Ice Age
¢ 
“Insulting the meat”
¢ 
Jomon culture
¢ 
¢ 
¢ 
N/um
“The original affluent society”
¢ 
Paleolithic
Paleolithic rock art
¢ 
Paleolithic “settling down”
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San, or Ju/’hoansi
Shaman
Trance dance
Venus figurines
CHAPTER2: FIRST FARMERS;
THE REVOLUTIONS OF
AGRICULTURE
Unit One: Technological and Environmental
Transformations
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION IN WORLD HISTORY
¢ 
Agricultural is the second great
human process after settlement
of the globe
— 
— 
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¢ 
Agriculture = basis for almost all
human developments
New relationships between
humans and other living things
— 
¢ 
¢ 
Neolithic Revolution
Cultivation of plants;
domestication of animals
Selectively breeding animals
“Domestication”
—  Mutual dependence
—  Lost hunting/gathering skills
“Intensification” of living
—  More food/resources from less
land
COMPARING AGRICULTURAL BEGINNINGS
¢ 
¢ 
Agricultural Rev. happens independently in
several regions
—  Happens at same time 12,000-4,000yrs.
Common Patterns
—  Coincided with end of last Ice Age
¢  Warmer/wetter allowed plants to
flourish
—  Managed natural world
¢  Broad spectrum diet
¢  Tools to use wild grain
¢  Amazon-cut back for growth
—  Women were innovators
—  Permanent Villages
¢  Near resource rich area
¢  “Food Crisis”
¢  Agricultural
¢ 
Styles/Techniques
Depended on plants/animals available
¢  Few hundred plants
¢  14 mammal species
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
AGRICULTURAL VARIATIONS
¢ 
¢ 
¢ 
Fertile Crescent (Iraq)
—  First: Variety of plants/
animals
—  500yrs
—  Societal Sophistication
¢  Architecture, burials, tools
Sahara(Sudan)
—  More hospitable earlier
—  Cattle: animals first
—  Less productive
Americas
—  Absence of animals
—  Cereal grain- maize/corn
—  Slow transition to agriculture
—  North/South altered
agricultural practices due to
climates
THE GLOBALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE
¢  Diffusion
and Migration
of Agricultural peoples
¢  Spread of language/
culture
— 
— 
— 
Indo-European
Bantu
Austronesian
¢  10,000yrs
— 
— 
New Guinea
Resisted in unsuitable
lands
¢ 
Gathering/Hunting
dwindles
CULTURE OF AGRICULTURE
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Greater populations
—  10,000yrs = 6mil
—  5,000yrs = 50mil
Decline in health
—  Hard work, new diseases,
famine, and epidemics
Constraints
—  Permanent villages
—  Banpo people in China
Technological Innovations
—  Pots, textiles, metallurgy
“Secondary products revolution”
—  Milking, riding, hitching plows/
carts
Alteration of Ecosystem
— 
Ground cover, irrigation, soil erosion,
deforestation
SOCIAL VARIATION IN THE AGE OF AGRICULTURE
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Pastoral Societies
—  Relied on animals
¢  Horses, Camels, etc.
—  C Asia, Arabian Peninsula,
Sahara desert, etc.
—  None in Americas
AgriculturalVillage Societies
—  Bampo/Jericho
—  Most characteristic form of
agricultural societies
¢  Equality
Catalhuyuk
—  Turkey, several thousand ppl.,
dead under homes, no streets,
specialized crafts
¢  No inherited social
inequality
¢  No sign of sex dominance
ORGANIZATION OF VILLAGE BASED AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETIES
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By kinship, group, or lineage
—  Functions of gov’t
—  Tiv of Nigeria = 1mil in
1800’s
Modest social/economic
classes form
—  Elders could win
privileges
Chiefdoms
—  Generosity, ritual status,
or charisma to govern
—  Emerged in Mesopotamia
after 6,000 B.C.E.
—  Pacific Islands, Cakokia in
N.A.,
Elite and commoner
distinction
THE LEGACIES OF AGRICULTURE
¢  Recent
development
¢  Adaptation to
interglacial period
¢  Transformed human
life and life on planet
¢  Homo sapiens had
power over animals/
plants
¢  People power over
other people
WARM UP: ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
What is the “secondary products revolution”?
What is another name for the Agricultural Revolution?
What is intensification?
Why did health decline during the Agricultural
Revolution?
Why didn’t the Agricultural Revolution spread out of New
Guinea as well as to all regions of the world?
Why was there a “food crisis” in certain villages during
the Agricultural Revolution?
What enabled the fertile crescent to be successful during
the Agricultural Revolution?
During the Agricultural Revolution who became the
dominant species?
What was spread due to diffusion and migration?
WARM UP: CREATE THE FOLLOWING
CHAPTER TWO NOTECARDS
¢  Agricultural
Revolution
¢  Austronesian
¢  Banpo
¢  Bantu
¢  Bantu migration
¢  Broad spectrum diet
¢  Cahokia
¢  Catalhuyuk
¢  Chiefdom
¢  Diffusion
¢  Teosinte
¢  Domestication
¢  End
of last ice age
¢  Fertile Crescent
¢  Horticulture
¢  Intensification
¢  Jericho
¢  Mesopotamia
¢  Native Australians
¢  Pastoral society
¢  “Secondary products
revolution”
¢  Stateless societies
WARM UP
1. 
How did agricultural societies alter the ecosystem?
2. 
How did pastoral societies differ from agricultural
village societies?
3. 
How did chiefs successfully govern their people in an
agriculture society?
4. 
What were the constraints that the Banpo of China
faced?
5. 
What is the legacy of the Neolithic Revolution?
WARM – UP: WRITE THE FOLLOWING TERMS
ON YOUR NOTE CARDS….
¢ 
Code of Hammurabi
¢ 
Cradle of Civilization
¢ 
Cuneiform
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Egypt “gift of the Nile”
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Epic of Gilgamesh
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Harappa
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Hatshepsut
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Hebrews
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Hieroglyphics
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Hittites
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Hyksos
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Indus Valley
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Mandate of Heaven
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Mesopotamia
¢ 
Minoan civilization
¢ 
Mohenjo Daro
¢ 
Zhou dynasty
¢ 
Norte Chico/Caral
¢ 
Nubia
¢ 
Olmec civilization
¢ 
Oracle bones
¢ 
Patriarchy
¢ 
Pharaoh
¢ 
Phoenicians
¢ 
Pyramid
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Quipu
¢ 
Rise of state
¢ 
Salinization
¢ 
Saningdui
¢ 
Shang dynasty
¢ 
Son of Heaven
¢ 
Teotihuacan
¢ 
Uruk
¢ 
Xia dynasty
¢ 
Ziggurat
CHAPTER 3 FIRST
CIVILIZATIONS; CITIES, STATES,
AND UNEQUAL SOCIETIES
Unit One: Technological and Environmental
Transformations
THE EMERGENCE OF CIVILIZATIONS
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Sumer
— 
Mesopotamia 3500-3000 B.C.E.
— 
First written language (cuneiform)
Egypt
— 
Nile River Valley
— 
Hieroglyphics
Norte Chico
— 
Peru 3000-1800 B.C.E.
— 
25 urban centers, only import was Maize, no
trade
Indus/Sarasawati Valley
— 
Pakistan 3000-2000B.C.E.
— 
Written script un-deciphered
— 
Elaborately planned cities – grid system,
weights/measures, brick sizes, etc.
— 
Uncertain government – environmental issues
China
— 
2200 B.C.E.
— 
Centralized state, dynasties arose (Xia, Shang,
and Zhou)
— 
“Son of Heaven”
— 
Written language with oracle bones – culture
continued to modern times
Olmec
— 
Veracruz, MX 1200 B.C.E.
— 
— 
— 
Cities created with ceremonial centers
1st language in Americas in 900 B.C.E.
Influenced Maya and Teotihuacan
ORIGINS AND URBAN REVOLUTION
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¢ 
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Developed from competing
chiefdoms
Relied on agriculture;
stemmed from agriculture
Cities = most distinctive
feature
—  Scale, layout,
industries, etc.
Political/Administrative
capitals
Cultural production
—  Art, architecture,
literature, ritual, and
ceremony
New societies with greater
specialization/inequality
THE EROSION OF EQUALITY
¢ 
¢ 
¢ 
¢ 
¢ 
Hierarchies of Class
— 
New levels of inequality represent a major turning
point in history of humankind
— 
Upper Classes – wealth, no phys. Labor, finest items,
top positions in gov’t, religious life, and military.
— 
Free commoners – majority of population (artisans,
low level officials, servants/farmers
¢  Resentment, surplus production to upper
— 
Slaves were bottom
¢  Slavery + Civilization emerge together
¢  Rarely sacrificed
Hierarchies of Gender
— 
Women in horticultural society remain equal
— 
War, property, intensive agriculture, role of
procreation/nature, inheritance.
David Christian – Women status = Product of growing
social complexity
Patriarchy in Practice
— 
Gerda Lerner (Mesopotamia) written law codified
patriarchal family life
— 
Regulation of female sexuality, Goddess’ replaced by
male deities
Egyptian Patriarchy
— 
Women = own property and slaves, administer and
sell land, make own wills, sign own marriage
contracts, initiate divorce
— 
Statues and love poetry suggest affection between
sexes
RISE OF THE STATE
¢ 
¢ 
¢ 
¢ 
Central to the organization/stability
Coercion and Consent
—  Coordination – irrigation
systems, conflicts, defense
—  Served needs of upper class –
farmers give crops to city, labor
of public projects, etc.
—  Divine Right
—  Mandate of Heaven
Writing and Accounting
—  Support for state (Andes used
knotted strings – quipus)
—  Fostered literature, astronomy,
math, history, threatened rulers
—  Propaganda, rules, status
Grandeur of Kings
—  State authority, monumental
structures, luxurious dress, and
elaborate burials
COMPARING MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT
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¢ 
Environment/Culture
—  Differing Rivers
—  Isolation
World Views
—  Negative Mesopotamian
—  Positive Egyptian
Mesopotamian ecosystem
alteration
Egyptian sustainability
Different political systems
Cities/States
—  M-city states, many kings,
environ. Devastation, outside
forces conquer
—  E-Unified, God-King,
agricultural villages, anarchy
removes pharaohs
INTERACTION AND EXCHANGE
¢ 
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¢ 
Trade with Mesopotamia
—  Agriculture and architecture
benefited Egypt
Extensive long distance trade
—  Meso-Indus, Anatolia, Iran,
Afghanistan
—  Egypt-Mediterranean and
Middle East
Influences
—  Hebrews, Phoenicians, IndoEuropeans
Neighborly influence
—  Horse/Chariot based armies,
Hittites conquer Babylon,
Hyksos invades Egypt
Egypt becomes an imperial state
“Civilization”: What’s in a Word?
¢  First
Civilizations reveal
immense similarities:
¢  Inspiring art
¢  Profound reflections on life
¢  Productive technology
¢  Increased control over
nature
¢  Writing
¢  Massive inequalities
¢  State oppression
¢  Slavery
¢  Large scale warfare
¢  Subordination of women
¢  Epidemic disease