Download Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
„ The brain of computer.
„ Main function: to handle the information
processing based on task given.
„ 3 Components:
„ Control Unit
„ Register
„ Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Component of CPU
„ Control Unit:
To handle CPU Operation based on control signal.
„ Arithmetic and Logic Unit :
„ Arithmetic Operation – addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division and etc
„ Logic Operation – AND, OR, NOT, NAND etc
„ Register:
„ Temporary memory space for keeping the processing result
and controlling information.
„ The are some important register for specific functions.
„ Among them, the example of register such as:
„ Programming counter register – keeping for next
instruction.
„ Information Register – keeping the current running
instruction
„
CPU, I/O Module and Main Memory
Main Memory
PC
MAR
IR
MBR
I/O AR
Execution
Unit
I/O BR
System
Bus
.
.
.
Instruction
Instruction
.
.
.
Data
Data
.
.
I/O Module
Buffers
PC = Program Counter
IR = Instruction Register
MAR = Memory Address Register
MBR = Memory Buffer Register
I/O AR= I/O address register
I/O BR = I/O buffer register
0
1
2
3
.
.
.
n-2
n-1
• Execution of Instruction
User
The Result for
Execution of
Instruction
Computer
Instruction
High Level
Language
Translated
Machine Language
• Execution of Instruction
„ Read the instruction from Instruction Register
„ Identify the instruction
„ Identify the data placed in the memory
„ Collect the data and put into the internal
register in CPU.
„ Execute the instruction.
„ Store the result into the suitable place (some
related register)
„ Read/Take the next instruction.
• Interrupt
„ Interrupt is the external signal sent to CPU for immediate
treatment
„ The processes that are being implemented by the CPU will be
stopped immediately.
„ 3 type of interrupt:
„ External
„ Usually from I/O Peripherals
„ Internal
„ From injustice or invalid data such as a number divided
of zero.
„ Software
„ From the operating system such as switch mode to use
operating system
„ How to deal with multiple interrupts?
• Microprocessors
„ It is small CPU which are in chip.
„ It is also the engine for computer
„ Can perform arithmetic and logic operations.
„ The first instruction was received from the
BIOS (Basic Input Output System) in the
ROM
„ Then either accept the instruction from the
BIOS or OS.
Major Producers of Microprocessors
„ Intel
First product Intel 4004
„ Introduced the term of microprocessors
„ Collaborated with MIcrosoft
„ MIPS
„ Subsidiary of Silicon Graphic Inc.
„ Designer for RISC
„ MOS Technology
„ Designed 6502 – faster and cheaper
„ Collaborated with Apple to produce Macintosh
„
Other Major Producers for
Microprocessors
„ Motorola
„
„ NEC
„ Ross Technology
„ Sun Microsystems
„ Texas Instruments
„ Advanced Micro Devices
(AMD)
„ AT&T
„ Cyrix
„
„
„
„
„
„
Digital Equipment
Corporation
Fairchild
Semiconductor
Fujitsu
Hewlett-Packard
IBM
Inmos
Integrated Device
Technology (IDT)
Microprocessors – 1970s
4004
8008
8080
8086
8088
Introduced 15/11/71
1/4/72
1/4/74
8/6/78
1/6/79
Speed
Hours
108KHz
108KHz
2MHz
10MHz
8MHz
Width of
Bus
4 bit
8 bit
8 bit
16 bit
8 bit
Number of
Transistor
2300
3500
6000
29,000
29,000
Memory
640b
16Kb
64Kb
1Mb
1Mb
Microprocessors – 80an
80286
80386DX
80386SX
80486DX
Introduced
1/2/82
17/10/85
16/6/88
10/4/89
Speed
Hours
12.5MHz
33MHz
33MHz
50MHz
Width of
Bus
16bit
32bit
16bit
32bit
Number of
Transistor
134,000
275,000
275,000
1.2million
Memory
16Mb
4Gb
4Gb
4Gb
Mikropemproses – 90an
486SX
Pentium
Pentium Pro
Pentium II
Introduced
22/4/91
22/3/93
01/11/95
07/5/97
Speed
Hours
33MHz
166MHz
200MHz
300MHz
Width of
Bus
32bit
32bit
64bit
64bit
Number of
Transistor
1.185million
3.1million
5.5million
7.5million
Memory
4M
4G
64G
64G
Mikropemproses Intel
„ Chip 4004 – 4 bit processor
„
„
„
The first ever single chip
Used in calculator
4-bit data processing and 8-bit instruction.
„ Chip 8008
„
„
„
„
It is the first chip used seriously.
The enhancement from 4004.
Using 8-bit data stream
The memory size 16KB
Intel 4004
Intel Microprocessors
„ 8080
„
„
„
The advancement of 8008
4 times more memory than 8008
10 times faster than 8008
„
„
„
„
8085
8086
8087
8088
Intel 8008
Intel 8086
Intel 8087 – Math Co Processors
Intel 80286
„ Replacing the 8088 microprocessor
„ Have pins on 4 sides – 17 pins on each side
„ The total of 68 pins.
„
„
„
„
24 pin for addressing signal
16 pin for data
16 pin for controlling signal
The rest is for reservation
„ 3 features of improvements:
„
„
„
Execution of instruction simultaneously
Can achieve 16-bit data
The speed of processing
Intel 80286
„ Has 4 units functions
„
Bus Unit
„
„
„
Instruction Unit
„
„
„
Hold the instruction received from the bus unit
Send the instruction to execution units
Execution Unit
„
„
Received the necessary instruction and data
The instruction is sent to instruction unit
Execute the Instruction
Addressing Unit
„
Implement the actual addressing and virtual
memory
Intel 80286
Mikropemproses Intel 80286
Addressing
Unit
Bus Unit
Execution
Unit
Instruction
Unit
Intel 80386
„ The first ever 32-bit chip from Intel
„ It has 132 pin
„ Containing 8 units of function – addressing unit and
execution unit broken down into units that function
independently subunit
„ 2 types
„ 386SX
„ Memory address 32 bit
„ Size of data 16 bit
„ 386DX
„ Memory address and size of data 32 bit
Intel 80486
„ Used
1.2 million of transistor
„ 168 pin
„ Ada 2 jenis
„ 486SX
„ Without Math co-processors
„ 486DX
„ With Math Co-processors
„
Intel 80486 DX
Pentium
„ Initially introduced as P5 or Intel 80586
„ Some improvement in terms of:
Cache structure:
„ For data
„ For instruction
„ Wider Data Bus
„ Faster co-processors
„ Two integer processors
„ Use 237 pins on 2 sides only as found in 8088
„
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
„ PDP series.
„ PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer
in 1960s.
„ Used diode-transistor logic.
„ The size of a refrigerator.
„ VAX
„ VAX was an instruction set architecture (ISA).
„ 32 bit complex instruction set computer ISA.
„ To replace PDP.
PDP - 8
DEC – VAX 8350 – based on PDP-11