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Chapter Three
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
AND
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Copyright © 2015 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Word Parts
hemat/o = blood
-poiesis = formation
Functions of the
Musculoskeletal System
 Acts as a framework for the organ
systems
 Protects many of the body’s
organs
 Provides the organism with the
ability to move
 Storage of minerals
 Hematopoiesis (formation of
blood cells)
Copyright © 2015 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Word Parts
oste/o, oss/i, osse/o =
bone
muscul/o, my/o,
myos/o = muscle
arthr/o, articul/o =
joint
ligament/o, syndesm/o
= ligament
Musculoskeletal System
 Bones-inflexible
 Cortical- 2 types compact bone and cancellous (spongy) bone
 Muscles- smooth and striated
 Joints/articulations- shock absorbers
 Ligaments/Tendons- connective tissue
 Fascia
 Cartilage- collagen fibers and cartilage cells.
 Elastic- stretchy and forms parts of the ears and nose.
Fibrocartilage- bundled collagen found in discs between
vertebrae.
 Hyaline cartilage-covers ends of long bones and acts as a
cushion.
tendin/o, tend/o, ten/o
= tendon
cartilag/o, chondr/o =
cartilage
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3
The Importance of the MS System
 Bones are used to name structures throughout the
body

Examples: femur (thigh)
Femoral artery
 Femoral vein
 Femoral nerves

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Skeletal Divisions
 Axial skeleton
 Skull
 Spine (Vertebrae)
 Rib cage
 Appendicular skeleton
 Shoulder girdle
 Upper extremities
 Pelvic girdle
 Lower extremities
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ICD-10-PCS Divisions
 Head and facial bones
 Upper bones
 Lower bones
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Shapes of Human Bones
 Long bones- named for length (humerus, femur)
 Short bones- length (carpal, and tarsal)
 Flat bones- shape (sternum, scapula)
 Irregular bones vertebra, stapes (ear)
 Sesamoid bones- patella
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Bone Structure
Word Parts
oste/o = bone
-cyte = cell
-blast = embryonic
-clast = breaking down
myel/o = bone marrow,
spinal cord
Osteocytes- mature bone cells
 Matrix- substance between osteocytes formed by a
fibrous protein substance a framework for mineral salts
called hydroxyapatitte. This gives bone its lattice-like
structure.
 Osteoblasts- immature cells responsible for building
bone.
 Osteoclasts- breaks down bone to release calcium salts.

Bone requires a blood source to remain healthy, therefore
passageways are created to allow blood supply.
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Bone Structure
Osteons -cylindrical units within the
 harder outer bone
 Lamellae- layers surrounding osteons
 Vascular pathways – provide a system
for blood to travel in for nourishment
 Haversian
 Volkman’s
 Trabeculae – allows space for storage
of fat cells and formation of blood.

(Haversian system)-
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Word Parts
perioste/o = periosteum
trabecul/o = trabecula
Bone Structure
 Trabeculae
 Lamellae- there are different
types
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10
Word Parts
Long Bones and Bone Structure
 Diaphysis-shaft
 Epiphysis-ends
dia- = through
-physis = growth,
nature
epi-= above
peri- = surrounding
oste/o = bone
 Epiphyseal plate-where growth occurs
 Metaphysis- area where both the ephipysis and




epihiseal plate meet.
Endosteum-inner lining
Periosteum – tissue surrounding bone
Bone marrow- stores fat cells and produces blood
cells
endo- = within
myel/o = bone marrow
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Word Parts
fissur/o = fissure
foramin/o = foramen
foss/o = fossa
sin/o = sinus
antr/o = antrum
sulc/o = sulcus
Bone Depressions
 Fissure- deep cleft or groove
 Foramen (pl. foramina)- opening
or hole
 Fossa (pl. fossae)- hollow or
depression, usually at the end
 Sinus (pl. sinuses)- cavity or
channel that has membrane lining

Synonym: antrum
 Sulcus (pl. sulci)- refers to groove
or depression in a structure that is
more shallow than a fissure.
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Bone Processes
Word Parts
 Ramus- extension resembling a branch
 (bone) Head- rounded proxmimal portion of
capit/o = head
spirn/o = spine

trochanter/o =
trocanter

tubercul/o = tubercle


some long bones
Spine- thornlike projection
Trochanter- 1 of 2 bony projections on the
proximal ends of the femurs that serve as
points of attachment for muscle
Tubercle- nodule or small raised area
Tuberosity- elevation or protuberance larger
than a tubercle.
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Word Parts
condyl/o = condyle
epicondyl/o =
epicondyle
Bone Processes
 Condyle- rounded projection
found at the end of a bone
 Crest- narrow elongated elevation
 Epicondyle- projection on surface
above a condyle
 Facet- smooth flat articular
surface
 Neck- narrow area away from a
bone head.
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Bone
Depressions
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Review Question
 If you see the combining form chondr/o in a report,
you know that the term has to do with the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
cartilage
fascia
bone
ligaments
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PCS Guideline Alert!
B4.6 If a procedure is performed on the skin,
subcutaneous tissue, or fascia overlying a joint, the
procedure is coded to the following body part:






shoulder is coded to upper arm
elbow is coded to lower arm
wrist is coded to lower arm
hip is coded to upper leg
knee is coded to lower leg
ankle is coded to foot
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PCS Guideline Alert!
 B4.5 Procedures performed on tendons, ligaments,
bursae, and fascia supporting a joint are coded to the
body part in the respective body system that is the
focus of the procedure. Procedures performed on
joint structures themselves are coded to the body
part in the joint body systems.

Example: Repair of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
is coded to the knee bursae and ligament body part in the
Bursae and Ligaments body system. Knee arthroscopy with
shaving of articular cartilage is coded to the knee joint body
part in the Lower Joints body system.
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Bones of the Axial Skeleton
 Skull (cranium and
facial bones)
 Rib cage
 Spine (vertebrae)
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Word Parts
crani/o = cranium
Cranium and Facial Bones
 Cranium

front/o = frontal
pariet/o = parietal
occipit/o = occipital


Frontal bone- front part of skull and
forehead
Parietal bone- sides of the skull
Occipital bone- back of the skull
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Word Parts
tempor/o = temporal
petr/o, petros/o = stone
tympan/o = eardrum
styl/o = styloid
Cranium and Facial Bones
 Cranium

Temporal bone- lower sides of the skull
Mastoid process-back part of the
temporal bone behind the ear
 Petrous bone-hard bone in the temporal
bone that houses auditory canal, and
middle and inner ear.
 Tympanic portion- lower area that
encircles eardrum.
 Zygomatic process-front porjection that
forms inferior portion of the cheek.
 Styloid process- thin pointed projection
at the base of temporal bone that allows
for attachment for ligaments and
muscles.

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Word Parts
ethmoid/o = ethmoid
crib/i = sieve
-form = shape
sphenoid/o = sphenoid
opt/o = eye
al/i = wing
para-= near
nas/o = nose
hy/o = u-shaped, hyoid
bone
Cranium and Facial Bones
 Cranium
 Ethmoid bone- seiveline bone that forms roof
and walls of nasal cavity.
 Cribiform plate- contains holes for the
olfactory nerves (for smell)
 Sphenoid bone- forms internal base of the skull.
 Optic foramina- openings for optic nerves
 Alisphenoid- wings of the triangular
projections of the temporal bone
 Orbitosphenoid- small prjections that form
the back of the orbit and support part of the
frontal lobe.
 Paranasal sinuses- air filled cavities named for
bones where they are located.
 Hyoid bone- u shape bone at the back of neck
that is attached to styloid process.
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Word Parts
zygomat/o, zygom/o =
zygoma
lacrim/o = lacrimal
bone
Cranium and Facial Bones
 Facial Bones



Zygomatic- cheekbones
Lacrimal bones- forner of each eye that
cradle tear ducts
Maxilla- upper jaw bone
maxill/o = maxilla =
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Cranium and Facial Bones
Word Parts
mandibul/o = mandible
ment/o = chin
condyl/o = condyle
coron/o = crown
vomer/o = vomer
palat/o = palatine bone

Facial Bones
 Mandible- jaw
 Mental foramina- holes in the central part of the
mandible
 Ramus-back part of the verticle projections
 Condyloid process/Coronoid process- front
projections of the ramus that articulates with the
jaw.
 Mandibular notch- space between
condyloid/coronoid processes.
 Nasal bones
 Vomer- bone that forms front and back part of the
septum
 Nasal septum- divider between nostrils
 Palatine bones-roof of the mouth
 Orbit –bony socket of eyeball.
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Word Parts
cost/o = rib
stern/o = sternum
supra- = above
corpor/o = body
xiph/o = xiphoid
Rib Cage
 True/false/floating ribs- 12 pairs of thin, flat
bones
 7 pairs of true attached at sternum
 Five pairs of false, attached by cartilage
 Two floating that are not attached at the front
at all
 Sternum- breastbonee
 Manubrium, suprasternal notch, corporis,
xiphoid process
 Costochondral cartilage- cartilage that
attaches ribs
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View of the
breastone
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Word Parts
cervic/o = neck
axi/o = axis
odont/o = tooth
Spine (vertebrae)
 Cervical C1-C7
 Atlas
(C-1)
 Axis (C-2)

Odontoid process/dens
thorac/o = chest
 Thoracic T1-T12
lumb/o = loin
 Lumbar L1-L5
sacr/o = sacrum
 Sacral S1-S5
coccyg/o = coccyx
(tailbone)
 Coccygeal
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Word Parts
Spine (vertebrae)
 Vertebra
spin/o = spine

lamin/o = lamina







Body
Foramen
Arch
Pedicle
Spinous process
Lamina
Transverse process
Facet/articular process
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Review Question
 What is the combining form for the neck?
A. cephal/o
B. thorac/o
C. cervic/o
D. coccyg/o
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Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
 Shoulder girdle and upper extremity
 Pelvic girdle and lower extremity
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Word Parts
scapul/o = scapula
glen/o = glenoid
clavicul/o, cleid/o =
clavicle
humer/o = humerus
Shoulder Girdle and Upper
Extremity
 Scapula shoulder
Acromion process
 Glenoid cavity
 Coracoid process
 Clavicle
 Humerus
 Caput
 Anatomical neck
 Medial and lateral
epicondyles

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• The scapulae (s. scapula) are the shoulder blades, which
are flat bones on the dorsal aspect of the body.
• The acromion process is the lateral protrusion of the
scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder.
• The glenoid cavity (its orgins meaning a cavity) is the
socket in the scapula where the head (caput) of the
humerus sits.
• The coracoid process is the beaklike process (corac/o
comes from the term meaning a crow) that serves as a
point of attachment for muscles and ligaments in the
shoulder.
• The clavicles are the collarbones. These are long, curved
horizontal bones that attach to the upper sternum at one
end and to the acromion process of the scapula at the
other. These bones help stabilize the shoulder in the front
of the body. It’s interesting to note that the “wishbone” of
a chicken is composed of its clavicles fused together.
• The humerus is the upper arm bone.
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Word Parts
radi/o = radius
uln/o = ulna
olecran/o = elbow,
olecranon
Shoulder Girdle and Upper
Extremity
Radius
 Ulnar notch
 Ulna
 Radial notch
 Olecranon

• The radius is the lower lateral arm bone (remember to
position the body in anatomical position to determine
which bone is medial and which is lateral).
• The ulna is the lower medial arm bone. The olecranon
is a proximal projection of the ulna that forms the tip of
the elbow. This “funny bone” is actually a process, not
a separate bone.
• Note that the notches (ulnar and radial) appear on the
opposite bone, because they are the locations where
those bones articulate. The radial notch is at the
proximal end, while the ulnar notch is at the distal end.
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Word Parts
carp/o = carpus,
wristbone
capit/o = head
ham/o =hooked,
hamate
lun/o = moon, lunate
Shoulder Girdle and Upper
Extremity
 Carpals
 First row
 Second row
 Capitate, hamate, lunate, pisiform,
scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, triquetral
pis/i = pea, pisiform
-form = shape
scaph/o = boat,
scaphoid
trapezi/o =table,
trapezium
triquetr/o = three
corner, triquestral
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 Named for their shape
Wrist Bones
(Carpus)
 Capitate (head)
 Hamate (hooked)
 Lunate (moon)
 Pisiform (pea)
 Scaphoid (boat)
 Trapezium (table)
 Trapezoid (table)
 Triquetrum (three corner)
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Word Parts
metacarp/o = hand bone
metacarpus,
phalang/o = phalanx,
finger/toe bone
inter- = between
dist/o = far
proxim/o = near
digit/o = digit,
finger/toe
Shoulder Girdle and Upper
Extremity
 Metacarpals- hand bones
 Phalanges-bones of fingers/toes

Interphalangeal joints
DIP
 PIP

 Digitus, finger
 Pollex thumb
pollic/o = thumb
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PCS Guideline Alert!
 B4.7 If a body system does not contain a separate
body part value for fingers, procedures performed on
the fingers are coded to the body part value of the
hand. If a body system does not contain a separate
body part value for toes, procedures performed on
the toes are coded to the body part value for the foot.
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Word Parts
pelv/i = pelvis
cox/o = hip
Pelvic Girdle and Lower
Extremity
 Pelvic Girdle

Ilium- upper hip
 Ischium- lower hip
 Pubis-lower front pelvis
 Acetabulum- hip socket
ili/o = ilium

ischi/o = ischium
pub/o = pubis
acetabul/o =
acetabulum
Bony pelvis


Sacrum
Coccyx
Be Careful! Don’t confuse
ilium with ileum (part of the
digestive system).
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Did You Know?
 Archeologists can often
tell a male from a female
skeleton by examining
the pelvic outlets. The
female pelvis is wider.
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Word Parts
Pelvic Girdle and Lower
Extremity
 Femur
femor/o = femur

patell/a = patella

Femoral head- connects
the head to the shaft
where the two
protuberances (greater
and lesser trochanter)
allow for attached
muscles.
Distal end of the shaft
are medial and lateral
condyles that articulate
with tibial condyles.
Avoe those are the
medial and lateral
epicondyles.

Femoral head
Femoral neck
Trochanters
Greater
 Lesser


Condyles
Medial
 Lateral


Epicondyles
Medial
 Lateral

 Patella
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Word Parts
tibi/o = tibia
fibul/o, perone/o =
fibula
malleol/o = malleolus
Pelvic Girdle and Lower
Extremity
 Tibia- shinbone.
Condyles (proximal end)
 Medial
 Lateral
 Medial malleolus
 Fibula (lower lateral leg bone)
 Shaft
 Lateral malleolus-process that extends outward
at the distal end of the bone

Be Careful! Don’t confuse perone/o for fibula with
peritone/o, meaning the lining of the abdomen.
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Word Parts
tars/o = tarsus
Pelvic Girdle and Lower
Extremity
 Tarsus, tarsal bones (ankle, foot)
calcane/o = calcaneus

cuboid/o = cuboid

cun/e = cuneiform

navicul/o = navicular

tal/o = talus

Calcaneus- (heel)
Cuboid-(box shaped)
Cuneiform(wedge-shaped)
Navicular- (boat shaped)
Talus (dice)
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Word Parts
metatars/o =
metatarsal, metatarsus,
foot bone
phalang/o = phalanx,
finger/toe bone
Pelvic Girdle and Lower
Extremity
 Metatarsus, metatarsal bone
 Phalanges

Hallux- great (big) toe
halluc/o = great toe
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Review Question
 One of your patient’s records documents a fracture of
her upper arm bone. The healthcare term for it is
the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
femur
radius
sternum
humerus
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Muscles (Anterior View)
Anterior view
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45
Muscles (Posterior View)
Posterior view
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Did You Know?
Muscle
 The word muscle comes
from the Latin musculus,
the diminutive of mus,
meaning a mouse; hence,
literally, little mouse,
usually explained by the
allusion to rippling of
muscles under the skin
as the scurrying of little
mice.
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47
Word Parts
ex- = out
Muscle Actions
 Extension-stretch
 Flexion-bend at joint
tens/o = stretching
-ion = process of
flex/o = bending
Extension/flexion
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Word Parts
ad- = toward
Muscle Actions
 Adduction-toward midline
 Abduction-away from midline
duct/o = carry
-ion = process of
ab- = away
duct/o = carry
Adduction
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Abduction
49
Muscle Actions
 Supination-palm up
 Pronation-palm down
Supination/pronation
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Word Parts
dors/i = back
flex/o = bend
-ion = process of
Muscle Actions
 Dorsiflexion- toe up
 Plantar flexion- toe
down
plant/o = sole
Dorsiflexion
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Plantar flexion
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Word Parts
e- = out
Muscle Actions
 Eversion- turned out
 Inversion- turned in
vers/o = turning
-ion = process of
in- = in
Eversion/Inversion
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Word Parts
rot/o = wheel
-ation = process of
circum- = around
duct/o = carry
Muscle Actions
 Rotation- turning on its axis
 Circumduction-curcular
movement at distal end around its
Point of attachment.
-ion = process of
Rotation
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Synonyms
 Medial rotation is the same as internal rotation.
 Medial – towards the midline/inward
 Lateral rotation is the same as external rotation.
 Lateral – towards the side/outward
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Word Parts
pro- = forward
Muscle Actions
 Protraction- forward movement
 Retraction- backward movement
tract/o = pulling
-ion = process of
re- = backward
tract/o = pulling
Protraction
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Retraction
55
Review Question
 A patient who experiences pain when stretching out
his leg has problems with:
A.
B.
C.
D.
extension
flexion
abduction
adduction
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56
Word Parts
anti- = against
syn- = together, with
erg/o = work
Functions of Muscles
 Agonist

Primary movers
 Antagonist
 Opposite action of the agonist
 Synergist
 Muscles that work together
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Word Parts
fasci/o = fascia
Fascia
 Structure of connective tissue that
surrounds muscles, blood vessels,
and nerves
Binds some structures while
permitting others to slide smoothly
over each other.
Composed of dense, closely packed
bundles of fiber.
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Muscle Naming Conventions
 Location
 Zygomaticus, femoris, brachialis, mentalis, anterior/posterior
 Number of insertions
 Biceps, triceps, quadriceps
 Size
 Maximus, vastus, magnus
 Minimus
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Muscle Naming Conventions
 Shape
 Deltoid, piriformis, pterygoid
 Muscle action
 Flexor, extensor
 Abductor, adductor
 Depressor, levator
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Origin/Insertion of Muscles
origin (sternum and clavicle) and
insertion (mastoid bone).
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Head Muscles
Word Parts
 Auricularis m. – moves ears
 Temporalis m.- raises lower jaw
auricul/o = ear
 Temporoparietalis m.-paired scalp muscles over
pteryg/o = wing
temporal and parietal
 regions
 Splenius capitis m.-holds head up
 Masseter m.- closes
jaw
 Pterygoid m.- wing
Like muscle allows
Side to side movement
capit/o = head
tempor/o = temporal
bone
pariet/o = parietal bone
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Facial Muscles
Word Parts
bucc/o = cheek
corrug/o = wrinkle
Buccinator m.- group of muscles of face
 Corrugator supercilii m.- wrinkles
forehead
 Depressor supercilii m.- lowers eyebrows
 Zygomaticus m.-raises angle of mouth up and to size

super- = above
cili/o = tiny hairs
zygomat/o = zygoma,
cheek bone
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Facial Muscles
Word Parts

or/o = mouth
 Orbicularis oris m.- pukers lips
Depressor anguli oris m.lowers corners of mouth
 Levator anguli oris m.- raises upper lip
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Word Parts
Facial Muscles
 Depressor labii inferioris m.- lowers lips
 Levator labii superioris m.-rasies upper lip
labi/o = lip
alaeque = wing

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m.- raises
upper lip and nostrils
nas/o = nose
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Facial Muscles
Word Parts
 Nasalis m.- raises corners of nostrils
 Depressor septi nasi m.- lowers wall in nose
nas/o = nose
 Procerus m.- draws eyebrows together frown
sept/o = wall
muscle
 Risorius m.-smile muscle
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Neck Muscles
Word Parts
 Anterior vertebral m.-in front of backbones and
vertebr/o = vertebra

infra- = under
scapul/o = scapula,
shoulder blade




help neck bend.
Arytenoid m.- moves focal cords together
Cricothyroid m.- lengthens and tenses vocal cords
Infrahyoid m.- moves hyoid and larynx down while
speaking
Levator scapulae m.- raises shoulder blade
Platysma m.- tenses lower face and neck
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Word Parts
Neck Muscles


cervic/o = neck
stern/o = sternum,
breastbone



Scalene m.- raises ribs and flexes neck
Splenius cervicis m.- bandlike bends and extends neck
Sternocleidomastoid m.- rotates and tilts head
Suprahyoid m.- raise the tongue and widen esophagus
Thyroarytenoid m. –thickens vocal cords
cleid/o = clavicle
supra- = above
thyr/o = thyroid
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Word Parts
palat/o = palate
gloss/o = tongue
salping/o = eustachian
tube
Tongue, Palate, and Pharynx Muscles
 Levator & tensor veli palatini m.- controls tension
of soft palate
 Palatoglossal m.- raises tongue
 Palatopharyngeal m.- aids in swallowing
 Salpingopharyngeal m- raises nasopharynx
 Pharyngeal constrictor m.- narrows throat for
swallowing
pharyng/o = pharynx,
throat
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Word Parts
chondr/o = cartilage
Tongue, Palate, and Pharynx
Muscles
 Chondroglossus m.- lowers tongue
 Genioglossus m.- lowers and protrudes tongue
geni/o = chin
 Hypoglossus m.- lowers and pulls tongue backward
gloss/o = tongue
 Inferior longitudinal m.- extends length of tongue
hypo- = below, under
pharyng/o = pharynx,
throat
 Styloglossus m.- raises and retracts tongue
 Stylopharyngeus m.- raises voicebox and
nasopharynx
 Superior longitudinal m.- changes shape of tongue
for change
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Review Question
 The infrahyoid muscles are those that are:
A. above the hyoid bone
B. around the hyoid bone
C. under the hyoid bone
D. below the hyoid bone
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Word Parts
Shoulder Muscles
 Deltoid m.- flexes,, abducts and extends arm
 Teres major m.- extends arm and medially rotates
delt/o = triangle
infra- = below
sub- = below
supra- = above




shoulder
Infraspinatus m.- rotates arm laterally
Subscapularis m.- adducts and medially rotates
arm
Supraspinatus m.- assists deltoid at the shoulder
Teres minor m.- laterally rotates arm
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Upper Arm Muscles
Word Parts
bi- = two
-ceps = heads
brachi/o = arm
 Biceps brachii m.- flexes and supinates forearm at
elbow
 Brachialis m.- flexes forearm at elbow
 Coracobrachialis m.- flexes and medially rotates
arm at shoulder
 Triceps brachii m.- extends forearm at elbow
corac/o = coracoid
process
tri- = three
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Lower Arm Muscles
Word Parts

brachi/o = arm

radi/o = radius

carp/o = carpus, wrist

uln/o = ulna

palm/o = palm




Anatomical snuffbox- triangular depression on the radial
side of the back of the hand
Brachioradialis m.- flexes forearm at elbow
Extensor carpi radialis m.- extends and adducts hand at
wrist
Extensor carpi ulnaris m.- extends and abducts hand at
wrist
Flexor carpi radialis m.- flexes and abducts hand at wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris m.- flexes and adducts hand at wrist
Palmaris longus m.- flexes wrist
Pronator quadratus m.- pronates forearm
Pronator teres m.- pronates forearm and flexes elbow
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Word Parts
pollic/o = pollex, thumb
digit/o = finger, toe
inter- = between
osse/o = bone
Hand Muscles
 Thenar m. (eminence)

Group of muscles controlling the
thumb: the abductor, flexor, and
opponens pollicis brevis
 Hypothenar m. (eminence)
 Group of muscles controlling the little
finger: the abductor, adductor, and
opponens digiti minimi
 Palmar interosseous m.
 Synonym: interossei volares
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Review Question
 The genioglossus muscle is located in the:
A. neck
B. tongue, palate, and pharynx
C. shoulder
D. lower arm
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Word Parts
coccyg/o = coccyx,
tailbone
Muscles of the Trunk
 Coccygeus m.- pulls tailbone forward
 Erector spinae m.- extends and bends spine and

inter- = between

an/o = anus

quadra- = four
lumb/o = loin


head to side
Interspinalis m.- extends spine
Intertransversarius m.- flex the trunk sideways
Latissimus dorsi m.-adducts, extends and medially
rotates humerus
Levator ani m.- raise pelvic floor around anus
Quadratus lumborum m.- extends and flexes
vertebral column to the side
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Word Parts
spin/o = spine
Muscles of the Trunk
 Rhomboid major m.- pulls shoulder blade back




and rotates to lower glenoid cavity
Rhomboid minor m.- smaller version of the major
and does same thing
Serratus posterior m.- raise the ribs
Transversospinalis m.- rotators of the spine
Trapezius m.- raises,, rotates and pulls shoulders
backward
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Word Parts
inter- = between
cost/o = rib
levat/o = raise
pector/o = chest
sub- = under
trans- = through
Muscles of the Thorax
 Intercostal m.- assist in inhalation
 Levatores costarum m.- help to raise ribs in






respiration
Pectoralis major m.- flexes, adduts, and medially
rotates arm at shoulder
Pectoralis minor m.- raises and lowers shoulder
blades
Serratus anterior m.- rotates shoulder blades
upward
Subclavius m.- pulls collarbone downward
Subcostal m.- pulls ribs down in respiration
Transverse thoracis m.- pulls ribs and costal
cartilage down.
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Word Parts
Muscles of the Abdomen


rect/o = straight
abdomin/o = abdomen



External oblique m.- flex and rotate torso
Internal oblique m.- support and compress abdomen and
rotate vertebral column
Pyramidlais m.- tenses the linea, a tendon located in the
midline of the abdominal muscles
Rectus abdominis m.- compress internal abdominal
muscles and flex the trunk
Transverse abdominis m.- compress and support internal
abdominal muscles
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Word Parts
ischi/o = ischium
perine/o = perineum
Muscles of the Perineum





Bulbospongiosus m.- contrats vagina in females; empties
urethra in males
Cremaster m.- raises and lowers scrotum in males
Deep transverse perineal m.- provides support for the
perineum
Ischiocavernosus m.- assists bulbospongiosus muscle
Superficial transverse perineal m.- helps resist increased
intrapelvic pressure.
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Word Parts
Muscles of the Hip

glute/o = buttock
ili/o = ilium




Gemellus m.- laterally rotate and extend the thigh from
the hip, and allows abduction of the flexed thigh at the
hip.
Gluteus maximus m.- extends the thigh at the hip and
rotates the thigh latearlly.
Gluteus medius m.- abducts and medially rotates the
thigh at the hip.
Gluteus minimus m.- abducts and metially rotates the
thigh at the hip.
Iliacus m.- flexes the hips and stabilizes the hip joint.
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Word Parts
quadra- = four
femor/o = femur,
thighbone
psoa = loin
Muscles of the Hip
 Obturators m.- rotate and abduct the thigh.
 Piriformis m.- rotates the thigh.
 Psoas m.- flexes the hip, trunk, and vertebral
column
 Quadratus femoris m.- rotates the thigh laterally at
the hip.
 Tensor fasciae latae m.- tighten, abduct, medially
rotate and flex the thigh at the hip.
Be Careful! The pisiform is in the wrist,
while the piriformis is in the hip.
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Muscles of the Upper Leg
Word Parts
ad- = toward
 Adductor brevis m.- shorter muscle that carries the

duct/o = carry
brev/o = short

magnus = large



thigh toward midline
Adductor longus m.- longer muscle that carries the
thigh toward midline and rotates thigh medially at
the hip.
Adductor magnus m.- adducts the thigh at the hip
Gracilis m.- slender muscle that adducts the thigh
at the hip
Pectineus m.- adducts and flexes the thigh at the
hip
Sartorius m.- responsible for extending leg when
sitting in cross legged position.
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Muscles of the Upper Leg
Word Parts
femor/o = femur,
thighbone
quadri-= four
Hamstrings
 Semimembranosus m.- extends high at the hip, flexes
and rotates the leg medially.
 Semitendinosus m.- extends thigh at the hip, flexes
and medially rotates leg at knee.
 Biceps femoris m.- flexes the leg at the knee, rotates it
laterally, and extends thigh at the hip.
 Quadriceps m.
 Rectus femoris m.- straight muscle in the thigh.
 Vastus intermedius m.- extends lower leg at the knee
 Vastus lateralis m.- extends lower leg at the knee
 Vastus medialis m.- extends lower leg at the knee

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Word Parts
ex- = out
tens/o = stretching
Lower Leg Muscles
Extensor hallucis longus m.- extends great toe and
dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle
 Flexor hallucis longus m.-flexes the great toe and plantar
flexes the foot at the ankle.
 Popliteus m.- flexes the leg at the knee.

flex/o = bending
halluc/o = great toe,
hallux
poplite/o = back of
knee
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Lower Leg Muscles
Word Parts
ex- = out
tens/o = stretching
flex/o = bending
perone/o = fibula
 Gastrocnemius m. – plantar flexes the foot at the
ankle, raises heel during walking and flexes leg at
knee joint
 Extensor digitorum longus m.- extends lateral for
digits and dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle
 Flexor digitorum longus m.- flexes the lateral four
digits and plantar flexes the foot at the ankle
 Fibularis (peroneus) brevis & longus m.everts foot
 Soleus m.-plantar
Flexes foot at ankle
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Muscles of the Foot
Word Parts


ab- = away from
duct/o = carry


halluc/o = great toe

ex- = out

tens/o = stretching
flex/o = bending

Abductor hallucis m.- abducts and flexes great toe
Adductor hallucis m. adducts great toe
Extensor digitorum brevis m.- extends lateral digits 2-4
Flexor digitorum brevis m.- flexes the lateral four digits
and flexes foot at ankle
Extensor hallucis brevis m- flexes proximal phalanx of
great toe
Flexor hallucis brevis m.- short great toe muscle for
bending
Quadratus plantae m.- muscles on the sole of the foot
that assist in flexing lateral four digits.
brev/o = short
quadra- = four
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88
Review Question
 The peroneus brevis is a muscle in the:
A. hip
B. upper leg
C. lower leg
D. foot
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Joints/Articulations
 Range of motion (ROM)



Synarthoses- joints that have no movement because they are joined
Amphiarthroses- joints that have limited range of motion
Diarthroses – synovial joints, and have free movement
(synovial)
 Bursa (pl. bursae)- sacs of fluid that are located between bones and cushion them
 Meniscus (pl. menisci)- crescent shaped
Cartilage in the knee that adds extra
Cushion.
The knee joint
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Upper Joints
 Head joints
 Upper spine joints
 Upper extremity joints
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Head Joints
Word Parts

Temporomandibular Joint-
tempor/o = temporal
bone
mandibul/o =
mandible, lower jaw
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Word Parts
occipit/o = occipital
bone
cervic/o = neck
vertebr/o = vertebra
atlant/o = atlas
axi/o = axis
thorac/o = thorax, chest
Upper Spine Joints
Occipital-cervical joint-between base of skull and first
certical vertebrae
 Cervical vertebral joint- one of the articulations between
the 7 cervical vertebrae
 Atlantoaxial joint- c1 and c2
 Cervical facet joint between the adjoining facets of the
neck vertebrae
 Cervical vertebral joint articulation between two or
more vertebrae
 Cervical vertebral disc- discs between c7 and t1
 Cervicothoracic vertebral joint- articulation between c7
and t1
 Cervicothoracic facet joint- articulation between c7
and t1
 Cervicothoracic vertebral disc disc between c7 and t1

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93
Word Parts
cost/o = rib
vertebr/o = vertebra
thorac/o = chest
lumb/o = loin, lumbar
vertebrae
Upper Spine Joints
Thoracic vertebral joint (T2-T7)
 Costotransverse joint- articulation between posterior
end of the 6 ribs and t2-t7 vertebrae
 Costovertebral joint- articulations between ribs and
the thoracic vertebrae including floating and false ribs
 Thoracic facet joints- articulations between t8 and t12
 Thoracic vertebral joints- articulations between t8 and
t12
 Thoracic vertebral disc- discs between any of the
thoracic vertebral joints
 Thoracolumbar joint
 Thoracolumbar facet joints- articulations between t12
and l1
 Thoracolumbar disc- intervertebral disc between t12
and l1

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94
Word Parts
stern/o = sternum,
breastbone
clavicul/o = clavicle,
collarbone
acromi/o = acromion
process
humer/o = humerus,
upper arm bone
Upper Extremities Joints





Sternoclavicular joint- articulation between the
manubrium of the breastbone and the medial end of the
collarbone.
Acromioclavicular joint- articulation between the
acromion process of the scapula and the lateral end of the
collarbone.
Humeroulnar joint- articulation between upper arm bone
and lower medial arm bone.
Humeroradial joint- articulation between upper arm
bone and lower lateral arm bone.
Proximal radioulnar joint- articulation between lower
arm bones nearest the humerus.
uln/o = ulna, lower
medial armbone
radi/o = radius, lower
lateral armbone
proxim/o = near
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Upper Extremities Joints
Word Parts

carp/o = carpus, wrist
inter- = between

mid- = middle
dist/o = far
metacarp/o = hand bone,
metacarpal bone
phalang/o = phalanx,
finger/toe bone



Carpal joints
 Intercarpal joints- articulations between individual
carpal bones
 Midcarpal joint- articulations between the distal row
Wrist joints
 Radiocarpal joint- articulations between distal end of
the lower lateral arm bone and carpal bones
 Distal radioulnar joint- articulations between distal
ends of both lower arm bones
Metacarpal joints
 Metacarpocarpal/carpometacarpal joints- joints
between carpal bones and 5 meta carpal bones
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Finger phalangeal joints
 DIP and PIP
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Upper Extremity Joints
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97
Lower Joints
 Lower spine joints
 Lower extremities joints
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Word Parts
lumb/o = loin, lumbar
bones
sacr/o = sacrum
coccyg/o = coccyx,
tailbone
Lower Spine Joints
 Lumbar vertebral joints
 Lumbosacral joints
 Sacrococcygeal joint

Synonym: coccygeal joint
 Sacroiliac joint
ili/o = ilium
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Word Parts
Congenital Conditions (Q00Q99)
Achondroplasia- result of cartilage at the epiphyses of
long bones causing dwarfism
 Polydactyly- more than 5 fingers or toes
 Spina bifida occulta- malformation of the bony spinal
canal without spinal cord involvement.

a- = without
chondr/o = cartilage
-plasia = development
poly- = many
dactyl/o = finger, toe
spin/o = spine
bi- = two
-fida = to split
occulta = hidden
Polydactyly
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100
Word Parts
syn- = joined, together
dactyl/o = fingers, toes
-y = process of
Congenital Conditions (Q00Q99)
 Syndactyly- webbed fingers or
toes
 Talipes- club foot
 Torticollis- muscle contraction of
neck called wryneck
Syndactyly
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Talipes
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Word Parts
arthr/o = joint
-osis = abnormal
condition
Arthropathies (M00-M25) and
Dentofacial Anomalies (M26M27)

hem/o = blood
hydr/o = fluid


py/o = pus

con- = together

Arthrosis
 Hemarthrosis
 Hydrarthrosis
 Pyarthrosis
Bunion- painful enlargement of great toe
Contracture- fixation of a joint in flexion
Crepitus- crackling sound heard in a joint
Gout- buildup of uric acid that causes crystals to form
and inflames joints.
tract/o = pullin
crepit/o = crackling
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Word Parts
Arthropathies (M00-M25) and
Dentofacial Anomalies (M26M27
oste/o = bone

arthr/o = joint
-itis = inflammation
rheumat/o = watery
flow
Osteoarthritis (OA)
 Degenerative
joint disease (DJD)- degeneration of joints making
movement difficult
 Rheumatoid arthritis (OA)- autoimmune disease that
causes joint inflammation. Diagnosed with a rheumatoid
factor test.
-oid = resembling, like
Rheumatoid arthritis
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103
Word Parts
oste/o = bone
Arthropathies (M00-M25) and
Dentofacial Anomalies (M26M27
Osteophytosis- abnormal bone growth
 Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)
 Gnathalgia-jaw pain

phyt/o = growth, nature
-osis = abnormal
condition
tempor/o = temporal bone
mandibul/o = mandible,
lower jawbone
gnath/o = jaw
-algia = pain
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104
Word Parts
ankyl/o = stiffening
spondyl/o = vertebra
-listhesis = slipping
stenosis = narrowing
Systemic Connective Tissue Disorders (M30-M-36)
and Deforming Dorsopathies (M40-M54)
 Ankylosing spondylitis- chronic inflammatory disease
that causes fusion of the spine
 Spondylosis- stiffening of the vertebral joints
 Spondylolisthesis- forward dislocation of one vertebra
over the one beneath it
 Spinal stenosis- narrowing of the spinal canal causing
pain, and many times seen with arthritis or
spondylolithesis.
Spinal stenosis
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105
Word Parts
inter- = between
vertebr/o = vertebra
Systemic Connective Tissue Disorders (M30-M-36)
and Deforming Dorsopathies (M40-M54)
 Herniated intervertebral disc- protrusion of the central
part of the disc that lies between vertebrae. Causes
compression and pain.
 Sciatica- inflammation of the sciatic nerve, can cause
pain in buttocks and down the leg.
Sciatica
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Word Parts
poly- = many
myos/o = muscle
-itis = inflammation
Systemic Connective Tissue Disorders (M30-M-36)
and Deforming Dorsopathies (M40-M54)
 Polymyositis- inflammation of many voluntary muscles
 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)- chronic systemic
inflammation, and characterized by rash below.
 Systemic
scleroderma- connective tissue disorder that causes
hardening and thickening of the skin.
system/o = system
erythemat/o = red
scler/o = hard
Systemic lupus erythematosus
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107
Word Parts
kyph/o = round back
lord/o = swayback
scoli/o = curvature
-osis = abnormal
condition
Systemic Connective Tissue
Disorders (M30-M-36) and
Deforming Dorsopathies
(M40-M54)
Kyphosis- hunchback
 Lordosis- inward curve
 Scoliosis- s shaped

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108
Word Parts
Soft Tissue Disorders (M60M79)
Baker’s cyst- inflammation of synovial fluid in the knee
area.
 Bursitis- inflammation of bursa

burs/o = bursa
-itis = inflammation
Baker’s cyst
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Word Parts
Soft Tissue Disorders (M60M79)
Fibromyalgia- disorder causing muscular pain, fatigue,
muscle stiffness, spasms, and sleep disturbances. No
definitive test
 Tendinitis- inflammation in a tendon

fibr/o = fiber
my/o = muscle
-algia = pain
tendin/o = tendon
-itis = inflammation
Fibromyalgia
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Word Parts
epicondyl/o =
epicondyle
plant/o = sole
fasci/o = fascia
rhabdomy/o = striated
muscle
-lysis = breakdown,
destruction
Soft Tissue Disorders (M60M79)
 Lateral epicondylitis- tennis
elbow
 Plantar fasciitis- inflammation of
the fascia of the foot
 Rhabdomyolysis- breakdown of
striated/skeletal muscle.
my/o = muscle
-algia = pain
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Word Parts
Osteopathies and
Chondropathies (M80-M94)
Osteitis deformans- mishhaped bone resulting from
inflammation
 Osteomalacia- softening of a bone
 Rickets- osteomalacia in childhood
 Osteomyelitis- inflammation of the bone and marrow
 Osteoporosis- loss of bone mass causing fragile bone
 Osteopenia- less severe bone mass loss

oste/o = bone
-itis = inflammation
deformans = misshapen
-malacia = softening
myel/o = bone marrow
-itis = inflammation
por/o = passage
Osteitis
deformans
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Osteoporosis
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Word Parts
chondr/o = cartilage
-malacia = softening
cost/o = rib
Cartilage Disorders
 Chondromalacia- softening of
cartilate
 Costochondritis- inflammation of
the rib cartilage
chondr/o = cartilage
-itis = inflammation
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Review Question
 The patient’s problem list includes the term for an
inflammation of bone and bone marrow. The term
is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
osteoporosis
osteomyelitis
chondromalacia
osteomalacia
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Review Question
 One of the physicians is doing a study on patients
who have a softening of the cartilage. What is the
term?
A.
B.
C.
D.
crepitus
chondromalacia
costochondritis
osteophytosis
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Trauma
 Fractures







Displaced/nondisplaced-the ends of the bone are separated) or nondisplaced (the
ends of the bone are still together).
Closed/open-Closed fractures (also called simple fractures) are those in which the
bone is broken but the skin remains intact. Open fractures (also called compound
fractures) are those in which the bone is broken and one or both ends pierce the skin.
Pathologic-is one that results from an underlying disease, such as osteoporosis or
cancer
Comminutedthose in which the bone is crushed and/or shattered into multiple pieces
Compression-one in which the bone collapses on itself.
Colles’-occurs at the distal end of the radius at the epiphysis. It usually occurs as a
result of bracing oneself for a fall
Complicated-bone is broken and one or both ends then pierce an internal organ.
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Trauma

Fractures
 Impacted
-which the ends of the broken bones are driven into each other
 Hairline-a minor fracture appearing as a thin line on an x-ray
 Salter-Harris-occurs at the epiphyseal plate in children
 Greenstick-which the bone is partially bent and partially broken
 Avulsion-occurs when part of the bone is pulled away by a tendon or ligament
Avulsion
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Trauma
 Sprain
Grade I
 Grade II- part tear
 Grade III- complete tear
 Strain-lesser than sprain
 Dislocation- completely out of place
 Subluxation- partially out of the joint
 Compartment syndrome- selling within
the fascia that can lead to nerve and
muscle damage.

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Strain/sprain
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Word Parts
ex- = out
oste/o = bone
-osis = abnormal
condition
-oma= tumor
Benign Neoplasms (D10-D36)
 Exostosis
 Osteoma
 Chondroma
 Leiomyoma
 Rhabdomyoma
chondr/o = cartilage
leiomy/o = smooth
muscle
rhabdomy/o = skeletal
muscle

WHAT DO THEY MEAN?
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Malignant Neoplasms
 Osteosarcoma
 Ewing’s sarcoma
 Chondrosarcoma
 Leiomyosarcoma
 Rhabdomyosarcoma
 Synonyms:
Rhabdosarcoma,
Rhabdomyoblastoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
From Damjanov: Pathology for the health professions, ed 3, Mosby
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Word Parts
acetabul/o =
acetabulum
-plasty = surgically
forming
Bone Procedures
 Acetabuloplasty
 Alveoloplasty
 Amputation
 Bunionectomy
alveol/o = small cavity
bunion/o = bunion
-ectomy = cutting out
Bunionectomy
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Word Parts
carp/o = carpus, wrist
bone
chondr/o = cartilage
clavicul/o = clavicle,
collarbone
Bone Procedures
 Carpectomy
 Chondrectomy
 Claviculectomy
 Condylectomy
 Costectomy
condyl/o = condyle
cost/o = rib
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Word Parts
Bone Procedures
 Densitometry
densit/o = density
-metry = measuring
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Word Parts
disc/o = disc
-graphy = recording
Bone Procedures
 Discography
 Genioplasty

Mentoplasty
geni/o = chin
 Kyphoplasty
ment/o = chin, mind
 Mandibulectomy
kyph/o = round back
mandibul/o =
mandible, lower jaw
Kyphoplasty
Be Careful! Geni/o means chin, while –gen
means producing and gen/u means knee.
Also, ment/o means both chin and mind.
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Word Parts
metatars/o =
metatarsus, foot bone
-ectomy = cutting out
oste/o = bone
-clasis = breaking
Bone Procedures
 Metatarsectomy
 Osteoclasis
 Patellapexy
 Sacrectomy
 Scapulopexy
patell/a = kneecap,
patella
-pexy = fixation
sacr/o = sacrum
scapul/o = shoulder
blade, scapula
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Word Parts
sequestr/o =
sequestrum
-ectomy = cutting out
spondyl/o = vertebra
Bone Procedures
 Sequestrectomy
 Spondylosyndesis
 Sternotomy
 Tarsectomy
syn-= joined, together
-desis = binding
stern/o = breastbone,
sternum
-tomy = cutting
tars/o = tarsus, ankle
bone
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Word Parts
mal- = bad
non- = not
Setting Fractures
 Malunion
 Nonunion
 Sequestrum
 Débridement
 Reduction/manipulation
 Fixation


Internal
External
External
fixation
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Internal
fixation
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Word Parts
achill/o = Achilles
tendon
-rrhaphy = suturing
acromi/o = acromon
Joint, Muscle, and Fascia
Procedures
 Achillorrhaphy
 Acromioplasty
 Arthrocentesis
-plasty = surgically
forming
arthr/o = joint
-centesis = surgical
puncture
Arthrocentesis
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Joint, Muscle, and Fascia Procedures
 Arthroplasty
Total hip replacement
Total knee replacement
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Word Parts
arthr/o = joint
-desis = binding
-graphy = recording
Joint, Muscle, and Fascia
Procedures
 Arthrodesis
 Arthrography
 Arthrotomy
-tomy = cutting
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Joint, Muscle, and Fascia Procedures
 Arthroscopy
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Word Parts
burs/o = bursa
-ectomy = cutting out
Joint, Muscle, and Fascia
Procedures
 Bursectomy
 Bursocentesis
-centesis = surgical
puncture
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Word Parts
disc/o = disc
-ectomy = cutting out
electr/o = electricity
Joint, Muscle, and Fascia
Procedures
 Discectomy
 Electromyography (EMG)
 Fasciotomy
my/o = muscle
-graphy = recording
fasci/o = fascia
-tomy = cutting
Electromyography
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Word Parts
lamin/o = lamina, thin
plate
-ectomy = cutting out
Joint, Muscle, and Fascia
Procedures
 Laminectomy
 Meniscectomy
 Myopexy
menisc/o = meniscus
my/o = muscle
-pexy = fixation
Laminectomy
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Word Parts
synov/o = synovial
membrane
-ectomy = cutting out
tend/o = tendon
Joint, Muscle and Fascia
Procedures
 Synovectomy
 Tendolysis
 Tenomyoplasty
-lysis = release,
destruction
ten/o = tendon
my/o = muscle
-plasty = surgically
forming
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Pharmacology
 Analgesics
 Anti-inflammatories
 Antirheumatics
 Bisphosphonates
 Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS)
 Muscle relaxants
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Review Question
 In the “Surgeries” section of an electronic health
record, a procedure is done that means a binding or
stabilization of a joint. This term is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
arthrocentesis
arthrodesis
arthroplasty
osteoclasis
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Suffixes and Root Operations for the
Musculoskeletal System
 -clasis
 -desis
 -ectomy
 -pexy
 -plasty
 -tomy
division
fusion
excision, resection, extirpation
repair, reposition
repair, replacement, supplement,
alteration
release, division, drainage
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Sort These Terms into Their Correct Categories
Terms
1. osteoclasis
2. arthrodesis
3. polymyositis
4. scapula
5. electromyography
Categories
__ A + P
__ Pathology
__ Procedures
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