Download Activity Overview continued

Cardio Kickers & Heart Bodies
Activity 2B
Activity Objectives:
Using a model of the heart, students will be able to:
u compare and contrast the capacity of cardiac muscle and
skeletal muscle
u kinesthetically explore the concept of blood pressure
u analyze the similarities between a human heart and the
heart model
u discuss limitations of the heart model compared to the
human heart
Activity Description:
Activity Overview
u examine the structure and function of the human heart
Activity Background:
The heart, blood and blood vessels make up the circulatory system,
also called the cardiovascular system. The primary job of the circulatory
system is to deliver blood to body cells. This job is essential, because
blood carries oxygen and nutrients required for our cells to stay alive.
The blood is also involved in carrying carbon dioxide and other waste
products away from the cells. The heart is a hardworking pump that
sends blood through blood vessels to every organ, tissue and cell in
our bodies.
The human body actually has two circulation pathways; they are
pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. Pulmonary circulation
is the short pathway from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
again. Pulmonary circulation is handled by the right side of the heart.
Systemic circulation sends blood from the heart to all parts of the body
and then back to the heart again; a much longer pathway. The left side
of the heart pumps blood out into the systemic circulation. See Figure 1.
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Your students will marvel at the heart model made from plastic bottles
and tubes! In doing this activity, students will understand how the heart
keeps blood circulating through our bodies. While listening to heart
sounds, students will use the heart model to pump “blood” at the
proper rate and rhythm. As they work the model, your students will
begin to better grasp the abstract concept of blood pressure. While
squeezing the “ventricles” students will feel the pressure they are working against. As the activity progresses and a clamp is applied to simulate
blood vessel blockage, students will feel how much harder it is for the
heart to pump. This leads to discussion on how hard the heart must
work when healthy, let alone when vascular disease is present.
LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2B
1
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Figure 1 Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ made of cardiac muscle. It’s job
is to pump blood throughout the body, usually beating 60 to 100 times
every minute. The heart constantly receives messages from the body so
the amount of oxygen can be regulated depending upon oxygen needs.
We require much less oxygen
Pulmonary
Large Vein
during rest than during exerArtery
(from upper body)
(to left lung)
cise or high-stress events. The
Pulmonary
heart has four chambers; the
Artery
(to right
Pulmonary
two upper chambers are called
lung)
Veins
(from left
the right and left atria (atrium;
lung)
Tricuspid
singular) and the two lower
Valve
chambers are called the right
and left ventricles. The atria
receive blood coming into the
Left
Right
Atrium
heart and the ventricles pump
Atrium
Left
blood out of the heart. See
Right
Ventricle
Figure 2. If you have ever lisVentricle
tened to your heart with a
Large Vein
Bicuspid
(from lower
stethoscope, you have heard
Valve
body)
distinct sounds that occur
AORTA
when the ventricles contract.
KEY
Blood Flow
These sounds are often
Figure 2 General Anatomy
described as “lub-dub”.
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of the Heart
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Right Atrium
Activity Overview continued
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2B
2
When the ventricles contract, blood is squeezed much like
water in an eyedropper bulb. Blood pushes against the
heart walls and valves with increased pressure. Eventually,
blood moves through the path of least resistance, out the
arteries. In the case of pulmonary circulation, oxygen-poor blood moves
out of the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
In the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The
oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary
vein. In systemic circulation, oxygen-rich blood moves from the left
ventricle out the aorta to all parts of the body. In the body, blood
delivers oxygen to body cells and picks up carbon dioxide waste. The
blood is now oxygen-poor and returns to the heart through the superior
vena cava into the right atrium. See Figure 2. In this way, the heart acts
as two separate pumps combined into one!
Activity Materials:
(per model)
The heart model will need to be assembled prior to doing the activity
with students.
20 ft—5/8 inch (outside diameter) x 1/2-inch (inside diameter) clear
vinyl tubing; WATTS 42143720; found in plumbing section at
hardware store
10 ft—7/8 inch (outside diameter) x 5/8-inch (inside diameter) clear
vinyl tubing; WATTS 42143912; found in plumbing section at
hardware store
15 ft—1 inch, 30 mm black SealWrap™ Repair Tape Energy-Activated
Technology 60 EL Tape; US Patent #5914371; found in hardware
department of Wal-Mart
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Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart are called veins; blood vessels
that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries. In general, veins
carry oxygen-poor blood and arteries carry oxygen-rich blood. Exceptions are the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygen-rich blood and the
pulmonary artery, which carries oxygen-poor blood. Capillaries are tiny
blood vessels that join arteries to veins. The capillaries are so tiny that
only one red blood cell at a time can pass and the capillary walls are
only one cell thick. It is in the capillaries where the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide takes place, so they are very important to the job
of circulation.
Activity Overview continued
In order to keep blood moving in the correct direction and to prevent
backflow, the heart contains valves. The tricuspid valve separates the
right atrium and the right ventricle. The bicuspid valve separates the left
atrium and the left ventricle. The pulmonary valve separates the right
ventricle from the pulmonary artery going to the lungs. The aortic
valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta, going to the body.
See Figure 2.
LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2B
3
Instructions for assembling the Heart Model:
I. Making Openings in the Bottles - Refer to Figure 3 Making
Openings in Bottles
1. You will need to build this at your
kitchen table or in a room with
a sink.
2. Remove the lids from the travel
bottles.
3. Remove the pull sport top on the 1L
water bottle.
4. Find the 1.5 cm cork/stopper bore
and bore a hole in the bottom of the
1L water bottle. If the bottom is too
stiff, try heating the bore with a
match or lighter before using.
5. Use the 1.5 cm bore tool to put a
hole through the bottom of both
2oz travel bottles.
6. Use the 1.5 cm bore tool to put a
hole as close to the bottle opening at
the top of a 4 oz travel bottle.
Figure 3 Making
Openings in Bottles
7. Repeat step 6 with a second 4 oz travel bottle.
8. Use the 1.5 cm bore tool to make an opening 2.5-3.5 cm from
bottom of the third 4 oz bottle. Make the hole on the side rather
than the front or back.
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Activity Materials:
Activity Overview continued
1 cork/stopper hole bore tool set
1 bag—14 mm decorative marbles; found in florist section at craft store
1— 16 mm standard marble
1— needle nose pliers
1— metric ruler
1— straight edge with safety feature
1— cutting board
1— adult size pair of scissors
1— large serrated kitchen knife
1— marking pen
1— 1 L water bottle with sport top
3— 4 oz travel bottles
2— 2 oz travel bottles
4— 4-inch 18 lb. tensile strength cable ties
6— 7.5-inch 50 lb. tensile strength cable ties
1— Project display board or 4 ft. section of Pegboard
1— funnel
1— electric kettle
1— ceramic bowl or glass measuring cup
LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2B
4
II. Making One-Way Valves - Refer to Figure 4 Making
One-way Valves
9. Gather the scissors, ruler, the 16 mm marble, SealWrap™, marking
pen, kettle with water, pliers, and 5/8-inch tubing
10. Turn the kettle on to boil water
13. Once the water boils pour enough of the hot water in the measuring
cup to cover the marble. Allow the marble to heat up a moment
14. Take one of the 5 cm sections and push it on the marble until the
marble is about half way in the opening of the tube. Insert only half
of the marble in so you can get it back out!
15. With the marble still in the opening of the tube, run the tube section
under cold water. It is recommended that you use the pliers to
remove the tube from the hot water if it is too hot to hold.
16. Keep running under cold water until the marble is cooled. Remove
the marble by squeezing the tube behind the marble toward the
opening in the tube.
17. Repeat steps 12-16 with 3 more of the 5 cm sections. This process is
the first step in making a one-way valve. This procedure makes a
seat for the smaller marble in order to prevent back flow
under pressure.
18. On the backside of the SealWrap™ mark off 8-7 cm lengths. Cut the
7cm lengths. Cut each length through the center length-wise.
19. Peal off the backing on one of the SealWrap™ strips. Begin stretching
the strip length-wise and then pulling from
the sides. This warms and stretches the
strip in order to cover the tubing.
20. Take one of the pieces of tubing that you
stretched with a marble. Start near the
opening that was stretched. Don’t cover the
opening, start several mm below and start
wrapping the outside of the tube. Pull
tightly to make sure there is strong adhering effect with the
rubber. Use another
pre-cut strip.
21. Repeat steps 19-20 for
the other three pieces
of tubing that you have
already prepared.
Figure 4 Making One-Way Valves
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12. Place the marble in the measuring cup/bowl
Activity Overview continued
11. Measure, mark and cut 8-5 cm length sections of tubing
LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2B
5
22. Take the four 4-inch cable ties and using the scissors cut off the
locking end piece off of each. Next cut the non-grooved sections off
the cable ties.
25. Repeat steps 23-24 with the remaining tube sections and cable ties.
III. Connecting the Bottles - Refer to Figure 5
Connecting the Bottles
26. Get the two 4 oz bottles with the extra hole near the top.
27. Take one of the pieces of tubing with the cable tie on it and push it
through the original opening in the bottle. You may have to fold the
tube in to make it small enough to pass into the opening. Once the
tube is in you may notice that part of the tube seems collapsed. Use
the pliers and push the sides of the tube back in place. Make sure the
tube is in tightly by giving it a tug. You should feel no slipping out
of place.
28. Repeat step 27 for the second 4 oz bottle. You will use these two
bottles in the following procedures.
29. Next take two of the tubes with one end stretched by the marble.
Take the non-stretched end, fold it and insert into the hole you cut
near the top. If the tube remains collapsed in the opening then use
the pliers to stretch the walls of the tube back into place.
30. Repeat step 29 for the other 4 oz bottle.
31. You may want to add more strips of rubber. Just cut more strips,
stretch and wrap. The tighter the better.
32. Get the 2-2 oz bottles.
33. Next take one of the two remaining tubes with one end stretched by
the marble. Take the non-stretched end, fold it and insert into the
bottles original opening at the top. If the tube remains
collapsed in the opening then use the pliers to stretch
the walls of the tube back into place.
34. Repeat step 33 for the second 2 oz bottle.
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24. Get one of the 4 inch cable ties that you have prepped. Fold it and
lay over one end of the tube you just prepped. Hold the cable tie on
the sides of the tube and finish wrapping the rubber strip around.
Use another strip to ensure the cable tie remains in place. It is fine if
the part of the cable tie over the tube opening bulges a little. This
will prevent the marble from blocking the tube. This is the second
part of building a one-way valve!
Activity Overview continued
23. Take another SealWrap™ strip and one of the remaining 4 sections
of tubing. Stretch the strip until it is thin and 2-3 cm wide on the
sides. Wrap one layer around the tube pulling tight enough to get
the strip to adhere.
LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2B
6
37. While the tube section is in the hot water, use the pliers to stretch the
tube. Insert the pliers in one end at a time and open the pliers as far
as you can to stretch the tube. Do this on both ends of the tube.
38. Take the 2 oz bottle fold the rubber strip covered tube and insert it
into the heated 7/8-inch tube. Make sure the smaller tube is approximately 1.5 cm in the larger tube. If the
wall of the smaller tube collapses use
the pliers to stretch the wall back out.
39. Add a 14 mm marble into the heated
tube section. Quickly push on the tube
sticking out of the top, original opening
of the 4 oz bottle until it is 1.5 cm into
the larger tube. As you push it on you
may notice some rolling of the rubber
strip inside the larger, heated tube.
Don’t worry this will actually make it
more watertight. You have now made a
one way valve!
40. Repeat steps 36-39 with the other 2 oz
and 4 oz bottles.
41. Make sure you wrap more rubber strips
around the outside of these tubes. Tight
wrapping is the best.
Figure 5 Connecting
the Bottles
IV. Final Steps for Assembling Heart Model - Refer to Figure 6
Final Steps for Assembling Heart Model
42. Measure, mark and cut with the scissors two 55 cm sections of 5/8inch tubing.
43. Find the two remaining prepped 4-inch cable ties.
44. Get four more strips of the SealWrap™. Stretch and prep them as
you have done before.
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36. Boil the water again. While waiting you can drop one of the 5 cm
sections of tubing that you just cut and place it sideways in the
measuring cup/bowl. Once the water boils pour enough water to
cover the tubing by at least a cm above the tubing. Allow the tube
section a few moments to heat up. While you are waiting get one of
the 2 oz and one of the 4 oz bottle that you previously prepped
ready to make your one-way valve.
Activity Overview continued
35. Measure and mark 4-5 cm on the 7/8-inch tubing. Because the wall
on this tubing is so thick you will need to cut this on the cutting
board. Use the large, serrated knife and saw across the tube. Use
the knife to cut it all the way through or get your straight blade and
finish cutting. Cut all 4 sections this way. Two of these sections you
will use in the following steps. Two of the sections you won’t use
until step 48 and on.
LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2B
7
47. Boil the water again. While waiting you can drop one of the two
remaining 5 cm-7/8-inch tube sections in the measuring cup/bowl,
sideways in the measuring cup/bowl. Once the water boils pour
enough water to cover the tubing by at least a cm above the tubing.
Allow the tube section a few moments to heat up. While you wait for
the water to boil get two more 14 mm marbles ready to make your
remaining one-way valves.
48. While the tube section is in the hot water, use the pliers to stretch the
tube. Insert the pliers in one end at a time and open the pliers as far
as you can to stretch the tube. Do this on both ends of the tube.
49. Take one of the 4 oz/2 oz set of bottles. Fold the rubber strip covered
tube sticking out near the top and insert it into the heated 7/8-inch
tube. Make sure the smaller tube is approximately 1.5 cm in the
larger tube. If the wall of the smaller tube collapses use the pliers to
stretch the wall back out.
50. Add a 14 mm marble into the heated tube section. Quickly push
on the rubber strip/cable tie end of one of the 55 cm section of
5/8-inch tubing.
51. Repeat steps 47-50 with the remaining 55 cm section of tubing.
52. Measure, mark and cut the following lengths of 5/8-inch tubing:
22cm and 8cm.
53. Take the 8 cm section of tubing and using strips of SealWrap™
rubber wrap the outside of the tube starting very close to the opening. Do not completely cover the tube and the students enjoy watching the water flow throughout.
54. Take one of the sets of bottles, one-way valves and 55 cm tubing. You
will notice that the 2 oz bottle has a hole remaining on one end.
Insert the 8 cm tube into this hole. You may have to fold the tube to
wedge it in. Of course you may need to use the pliers to expand the
walls back into place.
55. Insert the other end of the 8 cm tube into the original opening
on the remaining 4 oz bottle that hasn’t been used. If the tube
collapses in this bottle you will have to work to get the walls back
in place. Use more rubber strips of SealWrap™ to ensure these
don’t leak.
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46. Repeat step 45 with the remaining 4-inch cable tie and 55 cm section
of 5/8-inch tubing.
Activity Overview continued
45. Take one of the 55 cm section of 5/8-inch tubing and using a
SealWrap™ strip that is stretched at least 2-3 cm wide wrap one end
at least one layer. Fold one of the remaining 4-inch cable ties over the
opening of the tube. Use the remaining part of the SealWrap™ strip
to hold the cable tie on the side of the tube. Add another strip of
SealWrap™ to insure the cable tie is very secure.
LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2B
8
56. You now have one set with three bottles in a row and one set with
only two bottles. Take the set with only two bottles and 55 cm tube.
Wrap a strip or two of the rubber SealWrap™ near the end of the
tube. Insert that tube into the hole in the 4 oz bottle at the top of the
set of three bottles.
59. Once the water boils pour it into the measuring cup/bowl. Put one
end of the 22 cm section of tubing in the water to heat. While the
tube is heating use the pliers to stretch the tube. Place the heated
tube over the end of the rubber wrapped end of the remaining part
of the sport top on the 1 L bottle. Once the tube is on run cold water
over the tube to help it set on the bottle.
60. Add more of the rubber stripping to insure against leaks.
61. Insert the far end of the tubing sticking out of the 1 L bottle into the
top of the 2 oz bottle in the set of two bottles.
62. Take the remaining 55 cm tube and insert it into the hole you made
in the 1 L bottle. You will notice that you now have somewhat of a
closed system. Your heart is now finished.
It is recommended that you mount the heart on pegboard or on a
project display board. You can use twist ties or the larger cable ties to
keep the heart in place.
Figure 6 Final Steps for Assembling the Heart Model
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58. Wrap a strip of the SealWrap™ around the part of the sport top that
remains on the cap. Keep the cap on the bottle.
Activity Overview continued
57. Boil the water again. While you wait get the 1 L water bottle.
LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2B
9
Once the heart is mounted and
labeled set it up over a sink.
Add water to the top of the 1 L
Figure 7 Labels
bottle using a funnel and pitcher. Squeeze the ventricles to help move the water through the “heart”.
The model is ready for student use!
Heart Model photographsTheo Risinger, Bush Middle School, NorthEast ISD
Activity Management Suggestions:
— work in groups of two to four
— monitor to ensure that groups are discussing the questions and
all members of the group are contributing
— make a transparency of the Human Circulation illustration that is
provided at the end of the Teacher Information Section to use as
you Process Out blood flow during human circulation
Extensions:
• develop and calibrate a way to determine flow rate changes with
varying sizes of occlusions
• develop and calibrate a way to determine pressure in the vessels
Activity References Used:
National Health Institute Medline website:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aboutmedlineplus.html
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Body=1 L bottle
Right Atrium=the 2 oz bottle
connected to the “body”
Right Ventricle=the 4 oz bottle
connected to the “right atrium”
Lung=the 4 oz bottle connected
to the “Right Ventricle”
Left Atrium=the 2 oz bottle
connected to the “Lung”
Left Ventricle=the 4 oz bottle
connected to the “left atrium”
Activity Overview continued
Once the heart is mounted,
label the parts as shown in
Figure 7 Labels.
LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2B
10
Background References Used:
National Heart Lung Blood Institute websites:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/heartmurmur/hmurmur_h
eartworks.html
http://www.innerbody.com/text/cardov-new.html
http://www.becomehealthynow.com/article/bodycardio/699/
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/systemic.html
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/bp/bp.htm
Heart sounds can be found on many Internet sites, for your
convenience, here are a few links:
http://www.bioscience.org/atlases/heart/ekg/normalh.htm
http://www.medstudents.com.br/cardio/heartsounds/heartsou.htm
http://members.aol.com/kjbleu/heartsounds.html
Diagrams:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/heartmurmur/hmurmur_
heartworks.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8672.htm
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Other
Wbsites:
Other Websites:
Activity Overview continued
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/heartmurmur/hmurmur_w
hat.html
LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2B
11