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Goal 4a: Cells
Basic Units of Life
33 questions on Goal 4a test
24 questions on Final Exam
Know
The Cell Theory
 Structures and function of cell
organelles:
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Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Chromosome
Chromatin
Cytoplams/cytosol
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosome
Golgi complex (Golgi apparatus)
Lysosome
Vacuole
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Difference between a plant cell
and animal cell
 Difference between a eukaryotic
cell and prokaryotic cell
 Levels of organization
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Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Understand
The role of organelles in an organism
 Eukaryote and prokaryote cells differ in
structure and complexity
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Do
Identify
 Identify
 Identify
 Identify
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a plant cell
an animal cell
organelles in a plant cell
organelles in an animal cell
Organization of Matter of Earth
Increase in
Biosphere – the earth
size,
Ecosystems – an aquarium
structural
Communities – all organisms in an aquarium complexity,
energy
Populations – all goldfish in an aquarium
requirements,
Organisms – a goldfish
order, and
Systems – circulatory system
instability
Organs - heart
Tissue - muscle
life
Cells – blood cell
Organelles - ribosomes
non-life
Compound molecules - virus
Macromolecules - DNA
Increase in
Molecules - Water
number of
Atoms - hydrogen
units
Subatomic particles -protons
Cell Theory
Cells, or cell products, are the units of
structure and function in all organisms
 All cells come from pre-existing cells
 All living things are made up of cells
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The cell theory applies to all living things
Two Types of Cells
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Prokaryotes
– Do not have a membrane enclosing their DNA
– No Nucleus; PRO MEANS NO
– Simple structure
– Small in size
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Eukaryotes
– Have at least one membrane enclosed
structure, the nucleus. EU MEANS TRUE
– Have other membrane-enclosed structures
(ORGANELLES)
– Larger
– Structurally more complex
Cell Type and Classification
 Eukaryotes
–Plantae
–Fungi
–Animalia
–Protista
 Prokaryotes
–Monera
Quick Check
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Who am I? Prokaryote or Eukaryote cell
– Simple structure
– Complex structure
– Nucleus
– No Nucleus
– Monera Kingdom
– Plant, Animal, Fungi and Protist Kingdom
Cytosol
Nucleus
(Government-regulate, control)
Control center of the cell
Contains most of the
cell’s genetic information
in DNA
 Two major functions
– Stores hereditary
material (DNA)
– Controls cell activities
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Nucleolus
Located within the
nucleus (dark round
structure)
 Function is to
manufacture
ribosomes
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Nuclear envelope
Also called the
nuclear membrane
 Double layer
membrane with pores
surrounding the
nucleus
 Function: regulates
what enters and
leaves the nucleus
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Quick Check
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Who am I? Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nuclear
membrane
– Manufactures ribosomes
– Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
– Controls Cell activities
– Stores hereditary material
– Large, round structure in nucleus
– Surround outside of nucleus
Chromosomes/Chromatin
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Chromatin
– long thin strands of DNA
and proteins
– DNA structure when cell is
not dividing
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Chromosomes
– condensed thick strands of
DNA and proteins
– DNA structure when cell is
dividing
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Function: Genetic blue
print of organism
Quick Check
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Who am I? Chromosomes or Chromatin
– Thin strands of DNA
– Thick, condensed strands of DNA
– DNA structure during cell division
– DNA structure not during cell division
– Genetic blue print of organism
Cytosol/Cytoplasm
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Surround organelles
Mostly water
Semi-fluid
Full of proteins that
control cell metabolism
Function: Where
most of the cellular
reactions occurs.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(transportation)
The ER membrane is a
continuation of the
outer nuclear
membrane
 Network of channels
that manufactures,
processes, and
transports compounds
for use inside and
outside the cell
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BACK
Rough ER
Covered with
ribosomes
 Function:
Production and
processing of
proteins for
exportation
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Smooth ER
Lacks ribosomes
 Function: Aids in
the synthesis of
lipids and
membrane
proteins
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Ribosome
(Factory-basic supplies)
Function: Site of protein
synthesis
 Located on the
endoplasmic reticulum
(rough ER) or free-floating
in the cytoplasm
 Ribosomes are common to
all prokaryote and
eukaryote cells
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Quick Check
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Who am I? Cytoplasm, Ribosome, RER, SER
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Covered with ribosomes
Network of channels without ribosomes
Location of most cellular reactions
Assists in producing and transporting proteins
Found in cytoplasm or on RER
Semi-fluid substance
Site of protein synthesis
Assists in producing lipids and membrane
proteins
Centriole
(Health care-reproduction)
Function: Aid in cell
reproduction in animal cells
 Only found in animal cells
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Cytoskeleton
(Shelter-building materials)
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Function: maintain cell
shape and assist in cell
motility
– Internal movement of cell
organelles
– Cell locomotion and muscle
fiber contraction
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The cytoskeleton is an
organized network of three
primary protein filaments:
– microtubules,
– actin microfilaments
– intermediate fibers
BACK
Cell Membrane
(Protection)
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Every cell is enclosed in a membrane
Double layer of lipids (lipid bilayer)
Numerous proteins are present that are important to
cell activity
Function: The membrane is responsible for the
controlled entry and exit of materials into the cell;
protection of the cell
Cell Wall
(Shelter-building materials)
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Prokaryotic cells and plant cells
both have a rigid cell wall made
up of polysaccharides.
Function: Maintains the shape of
cells and serves as a protective
barrier.
Protects the cellular contents
Gives rigidity to the plant structure
NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS
Quick Check
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Who am I? Centriole, Cytoskeleton, Cell
membrane, Cell wall
– Aids in cell reproduction
– Aids in maintaining cell shape and movement
– Regulates what enters and exits the cell
– Provides a protective barrier in a plant cell
– Only found in animal cells
– Not found in animal cells
Golgi Apparatus
(Communication-shipping-UPS)
Stack of membranebound vesicles
 Looks like a stack of
pancakes
 Function: Packages
cell secretions and
macromolecules for
transport elsewhere in
the cell
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Lysosome
(Waste management)
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Function: Site of
intracellular digestion
– Digests large food molecules
– Contains digestive enzymes
Vacuole
(Warehouse-store supplies)
Membrane-bound sac
 Function: storage of
materials
 In animal cells, vacuoles
are generally small
 Vacuoles tend to be large
in plant cells and play a
role in turgor pressure.
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Quick Check
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Who am I? Golgi, Lysosome, Vacuole
– Packages cell secretions
– Digestive enzymes found in this structure
– Large in plants; small in animals
– Digestion of large food molecules
– Storage of materials
– Stack of membrane vesicles
Mitochondria/Mitochondrion
(Power house-usable energy)
Function: Powerhouse of
the cell where cellular
respiration occurs
 Releases energy
 Glucose is broken down
(decomposition reaction) and
energy (ATP) is produced
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Chloroplast
(Factory-food)
Found in all higher plant cells
 Contain the plant cell's
chlorophyll
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– hence provide the green color.
They have a double outer
membrane
 Function: Site of
photosynthesis
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Quick Check
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Who am I? Mitochondria or Chloroplast
– Where ATP is produced
– Releases energy
– Found in plant cells not animal cells
– Site of photosynthesis
– Site of cellular respiration
– Glucose is broken down here
– Converts light energy into stored energy
Organization of Living Things
Organelle-Mitocondria
 Cell-Blood cell
 Tissue-Muscle Tissue
 Organ-Heart
 Organ System-Circulatory system
 Organism
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