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CHAPTER
10
Aquatic
Biotechnolog
y
PowerPoint® Lecture by:
Lisa Werner
Pima Community College
Chapter Contents
• 10.1 Introduction to Aquatic Biotechnology
• 10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
• 10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
• 10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
• 10.5 Nonmedical Products
• 10.6 Environmental Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.1 Introduction to Aquatic Biotechnology
• Possibilities of utilizing aquatic organisms include
– Increasing the world's food supply
– Restoring and protecting marine ecosystems
– Identifying novel compounds for the benefit of human
health and medical treatments
– Improving the safety and quality of seafood
– Discovering and developing new products with
applications in the chemical industry
– Seeking new approaches to monitor and treat disease
– Increasing knowledge of biological and geochemical
processes in the world's oceans
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
• Aquaculture – cultivation of aquatic animals
and aquatic plants for recreational or
commercial purposes
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
• The Economics of Aquaculture
– Demand for products expected to grow by
70% during the next 30 years
– According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations,
~50% of all fish stocks are fully exploited and
another 30% are overexploited, depleted, or
recovering
– ~50% of all fish that humans consume
worldwide are produced by aquaculture
– China is the world's leader and the US ranks
13th in total aquaculture production
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
• Fish-Farming Practices
– Culturing aquatic organisms not only for
human consumption
• Providing bait fish for commercial and recreational
fishing
• Harvesting anchovies, herring, and sardines to
make fishmeal and oils used in animal feed for
poultry, cattle, swine, and other fish
• Growing pearls
• Isolating pharmaceutical agents
• Breeding ornamental fish and fish for stocking
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
• Innovations in Fish Farming
– In West Virginia, biologists are using
abandoned coal mines to raise cold-water
species such as rainbow trout and arctic char
– Polyculture – raising more than one species
in the same controlled environment
– Hydroponic systems – small-volume,
water-flowing systems in which vegetables or
herbs are cultured in racks through which
wastewater from fish tanks can flow
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
• Improving Strains for Aquaculture
– Methods designed to improve certain qualities
• Growth rate
• Fat content
– Using ultrasound machines or bioimpedance to estimate
fillet yield
• Taste
• Texture
• Color
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
• Enhancing Seafood Quality and Safety
– Create finfish and shellfish species of the
color, taste, and texture consumers want
– Molecular probes and PCR-based assays are
being developed for detecting bacteria,
viruses, and a host of parasites that infect
finfish and shellfish
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
• Barriers and Limitations to Aquaculture
– Not all species suited
• Long complicated life cycles of many marine organisms
– Disease
• Crowded conditions, less genetic diversity, disease
resistance, infections can spread rapidly
– Excessive consumption of wild caught bait fish
– Pollution from fish farms
• Feces, urine, uneaten food
• Discharge of antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, algicides and
other chemicals
• Federal regulations
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World's
Food Supply Through Biotechnology
• The Future of Aquaculture
– Overcoming the barriers
– Use of biotechnology to increase growth and
productivity and improve disease resistance
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
• Basic knowledge of gene expression and
regulation in aquatic organisms
• Understanding genes involved in
processes such as reproduction, growth,
development, and survival at extreme
conditions
• Learning more about immune systems of
aquatic species
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
• Discovery and Cloning of Novel Genes
– Growth hormone
– Antifreeze proteins (AFP)
• Lower the freezing temperature of fish blood and
extracellular fluids
• Create transgenic fish and plants with enhanced
resistance to cold temperatures and freezing
• Use AFP promoter sequences to stimulate
expression of transgenes
• Enhance cryoprotection of human cells, tissues,
and organs
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
• Discovery and Cloning of Novel Genes
– "Green Genes" – genes that code for green
fluorescent protein (GFP)
• Bioluminescence (red, yellow, and orange)
• Used to create reporter gene constructs
– Allow detection of the expression of genes of interest
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
• Discovery and Cloning of Novel Genes
– Cloning genomes of marine pathogens
• Learn about genes these organisms use to
reproduce and cause disease
– Chilean scientist deciphered the genome of P. salmonis
which causes which infects salmon
– Genetics of Pfiesteria piscicida, a toxic dinoflagellate
which may be responsible for major fish kills and shell
fish disease
– Study oyster pathogens
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
• Genetic manipulations of Finfish and
Shellfish
– Create fish that grow faster and are healthier
• Transgenics
• Triploids
– No transgenic fish has been approved for
human consumption by the FDA
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
• Genetic manipulations of Finfish and
Shellfish
– Aqua Bounty Technologies has created a
transgenic salmon that grows 400% to 600%
faster than nontransgenic salmon
• GH gene
• Regulatory sequences from Chinook salmon,
which has more rapid growth, and larger adults
• Regulatory sequence from ocean pout which
allows growth during winter
– Reach market size in 18 months instead of 30
months
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
• Genetic manipulations of Finfish and
Shellfish
– Aqua Bounty Technologies salmon are not
approved by the FDA
– Main risk assessment concern is ecological
impacts
– Aqua Bounty says these transgenic salmon
are female and 99.8% are sterile triploids
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
• Genetic manipulations of Finfish and
Shellfish
– In 2004 Yorktown Industries of Austin, TX
announced they had created the GloFish, a
transgenic strain of zebrafish containing the
fluorescent protein gene from sea anemones
• Fluoresce bright pink when illuminated with UV
light
• First genetically modified pet sold in US
– Antibiotechnology groups voiced protests
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
• Genetic manipulations of Finfish and
Shellfish
– In addition to transgenic species, polyploid
species also created
– Most are triploid
– Subject fish eggs to conditions which interfere
with cell division, so that they then mature
with an extra set of chromosomes
– Grow 30% to 50% more rapidly
– Sterile
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic
Organisms
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
• A wide number of marine species contain
or are suspected to contain compounds of
biomedical interest
– Antibiotics, antiviral molecules, anticancer
compounds, and insecticides
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
• Bioprospecting to Isolate Medicines from
the Sea
– A side number of marine species may contain
compounds of biomedical interest
• Osteoporosis – salmon produce a form of
calcitonin with a bioactivity 20 times higher than
that of human calcitonin
– Hydroxyapatite (HA) – important component of the
matrix of bone and cartilage
– HA implants used to fill gaps in fractured bones
• Adhesive called byssal fibers found in mussels
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
• Bioprospecting to Isolate Medicines from the
Sea
– Anti-inflammatory and analgesics, and anticancer
compounds isolated from marine invertebrates
– Marine cone snails produce conotoxins which target
specific neurotransmitter receptors
• In 2004, the FDA approved the drug Prialt which acts as a
strong painkiller
• Used to treat severe chronic pain.
– Yondelis, an antitumor drug isolated from the sea
squirt binds in the minor groove of DNA and inhibits
cell division by blocking transcription and DNA repair
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
• Bioprospecting to Isolate Medicines from
the Sea
– Japanese pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) produces a
potent nerve cell toxin called tetrodotoxin (TTX)
• 10,000 times more lethal than cyanide
• Prized delicacy in Japan
– Scientists use TTX to better understand how
sodium channels help neurons produce
electrical impulses
– Led to development of new drugs being tested
as anesthetics and anticancer agents
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.5 Nonmedical Products
• Enzymes
– DNA polymerases
– Ligases
– Restriction enzymes
– Proteases
– Collagenase
• Carrageenan
– Used in processed foods, toothpaste
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.5 Nonmedical Products
• Biomass
– Harvest chemical energy from biomass such
as seaweeds, marine grasses, and planktons
• Bioprocessing
– Algae may be valuable for expressing
recombinant proteins
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.6 Environmental Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
• Antifouling Agents
– Biofilming (biofouling) – attachment of
organisms to surfaces
• Hulls of ships, inner lining of pipes, cement walls,
and pilings used around piers, bridges, and
buildings
• Also occurs on the surface of marine organisms,
especially shellfish
• Barnacles, algae, mussels, clams, and bacteria
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.6 Environmental Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.6 Environmental Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.6 Environmental Applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
• Antifouling agents
– Traditional antifouling agents employed toxic
chemicals
• Copper-rich or mercury-rich paints
– Marine organisms use natural antifouling agents to
protect their own surfaces from biofilms
• Biosensors
– Vibro bacteria, which are bioluminescent have been
used to detect pollutants and toxins in waterways
based on changes in light intensity.
• Environmental Remediation
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.