Download unit 2: ecology

PreAP BIOLOGY
FALL FINAL EXAM
OUTLINE
UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
CHAPTER 1: THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
Section 1.1: What is Science?
- Definition of “Science”
- Goal of Science
- Scientific Methodology
o Observation
o Forming a Question
 Inferences
o Hypothesis
o Controlled Experiment
 Independent (Manipulated) Variable
 Dependent (Responding) Variable
 Control Group
 Experimental Group
o Data Collection
 Quantitative Data
 Qualitative Data
 Equipment
 Charts and Graphs
 Sources of Error
o Drawing Conclusions
 Revising Hypothesis
Section 1.3: Studying Life
- Definition of “Biology”
- Characteristics of Living Things
o Made Up of Cells
o Based on Universal Genetic Code
 DNA
o Obtain and Use Materials and Energy
 Metabolism
o Grow and Develop
o Reproduce
 Asexual
 Sexual
o Respond to Their Environment
 Stimulus and Response
o Maintain a Stable Internal Environment
 Homeostasis
o Change Over Time
o
 Evolve
Laboratory Safety
UNIT 2: ECOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: THE BIOSPHERE
Section 3.1: What is Ecology?
- Investigating Our Living Planet
o Biosphere
o “Ecology”
o Ecological Levels of Organization
 Individual Organisms
 Population
 Community
 Ecosystem
 Biome
 Biosphere
- Biotic and Abiotic Factors
o Biotic Factor
o Abiotic Factor
Section 3.2: Energy, Producers, and Consumers
- Primary Producers
o Autotrophs
o Primary Producers
o Photosynthesis
- Consumers
o Heterotrophs
o
Consumers
 Carnivores
 Herbivores
 Omnivores
 Scavengers
 Decomposers
 Detritivores
Section 3.3: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
- Food Chains and Food Webs
o Food Chains
o Food Webs
 Role of Decomposers
- Analyzing Energy and Matter Flow Through Trophic Levels
o Trophic Level
o Ecological Pyramids
 Energy Pyramid
 10% Rule
 Biomass Pyramid
 Biomass

Numbers Pyramid
Section 3.4: Cycle of Matter
- Recycling in the Biosphere
o Biogeochemical Cycles
o Biological Processes
o Geological Processes
o Chemical and Physical Processes
o Human Activity
- The Water Cycle
- Nutrient Cycles
o Nutrient
o The Carbon Cycle
o The Nitrogen Cycle
 Nitrogen Fixation
 Denitrification
CHAPTER 4: ECOSYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES
Section 4.2: Niches and Community Interactions
- The Niche
o Habitat
o Niche
 Physical External Factors
 Biological External Factors
 Resources
- Competition
o Competitive Exclusion Principle
o Dividing Resources
- Predation, Herbivory, and Keystone Species
o Predator-Prey Relationships
o Herbivore-Plant Relationships
 Herbivory
o Keystone Species
- Symbiosis
o Mutualism
o Parasitism
o Commensalism
CHAPTER 5: POPULATIONS
Section 5.1: How Populations Grow
- Describing Populations
o Geographic Range
o Density
 Population Density
- Population Growth
-
-
o Birthrate and Death Rate
o Immigration and Emigration
Exponential Growth
o Exponential Growth
o Rapidly Reproducing Organisms
o Slowly Reproducing Organisms
o Organisms in New Environments
o Models of Exponential Growth
 Exponential Growth Curve
Logistic Growth
o Phases of Growth
 Phase 1: Exponential Growth
 Phase 2: Growth Slows Down
 Phase 3: Growth Stops
o The Logistic Growth Curve
o Carrying Capacity
Section 5.2: Limits to Growth
- Limiting Factors
- Density-Dependent Limiting Factors
o Competition
o Predation
o Herbivory
o Human Predation
o Parasitism
o Disease
o Stress from Overcrowding
- Density-Independent Limiting Factors
o “Natural Disasters”
o Controlling Introduced Species
UNIT 3: BIOCHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Section 2.1: The Nature of Matter
- Atoms
o Subatomic Particles
 Protons
 Neutrons
 Electrons
- Elements and Isotopes
o Element
-
Chemical Compounds
o Compound
Chemical Bonds
o Ionic Bond
o Covalent Bond
 Molecule
Section 2.2: Properties of Water
- The Water Molecule
o Polarity
o Hydrogen Bonding
 Cohesion
 Adhesion
 Heat Capacity
- Solutions and Suspensions
o Mixture
o Solutions
 Solute
 Solvent
- Acids, Bases, and pH
o Dissociation of Water
 Hydrogen Ions
 Hydroxide Ions
o pH Scale
o Acids
o Bases
o Buffers
Section 2.3: Carbon Compounds
- The Chemistry of Carbon
o Common Bonding Elements
o Covalent Bonds (Single, Double)
o Carbon Structures
- Biomolecules
o Macromolecules
o Polymerization (dehydration synthesis)
o Hydrolysis
 Monomer
 Polymer
o 4 Biomolecules (Macromolecules)
 Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharides
 Polysaccharides
 Lipids
 Saturated
 Unsaturated
 Nucleic Acids
 Nucleotides
 DNA and RNA
 Protein


Structure
o Amino Acids (20)
o Peptide Bonds
o Polypeptides
Function
o R-Groups
Section 2.4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
- Chemical Reactions
o Reactants
o Products
- Energy in Reactions
o Energy Changes
o Energy Sources
o Activation Energy
- Enzymes
o Proteins
o Catalyst
 Lowering Activation Energy
o Enzyme Substrate Complex
 Active Site
 Substrate
 Lock-and-Key Fit
o Regulation of Enzyme Activity
 Temperature
 pH
 Regulatory Molecules
 Competitive Inhibitors
 Noncompetitive Inhibitors
UNIT 4: CELLULAR BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 7: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Section 7.1: Life is Cellular
- The Discovery of the Cell
o Early Microscopes
o The Cell Theory
- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
o Cell Size
o Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
o Prokaryotes
 No Membrane-Bound Nucleus
 Smaller
 Unicellular
 “Bacteria”
o Eukaryotes




True Nucleus
Larger and More Complex
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
Protists, Fungus, Plants, and Animals
Section 7.2: Cell Structure
- Cell Organization
o Cytoplasm
o Organelles
o Nucleus
 Nuclear Envelope
 Nuclear Pores
 Chromosomes
 DNA
- Organelles that Store, Clean Up, and Support
o Vacuoles
 Central Vacuole
 Contractile Vacuole
 Vesicles
o Lysosomes
o Cytoskeleton
- Organelles that Build Proteins
o Ribosomes
 Protein Synthesis
o Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Rough ER
 Smooth ER
o Golgi Apparatus
- Organelles that Capture and Release Energy
o Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
- Cellular Boundaries
o Cell Wall
o Cell Membrane
 Lipid Bilayer
 Hydrophobic (Tails)
 Hydrophilic (Heads)
 Fluid Mosaic Model
 Selectively Permeable
Section 7.3: Cell Transport
- Passive Transport
o Diffusion
o Concentration Gradient
o Facilitated Diffusion
 Carrier/ Channel Proteins
o Osmosis
 Aquaporins
 Isotonic Solution
 Hypertonic Solution
 Plant Cells: Plasmolysis
Hypotonic Solution
 Plant Cells: Turgid
 Animal Cells: Lyse
Active Transport
o Molecular Transport
o Bulk Transport
 Endocytosis
 Exocytosis

-
Section 7.4: Homeostasis and Cells
- The Cell as an Organism
o Homeostasis
o Single-Celled Organisms (Unicellular)
-
Multicellular Life
o Cellular Specialization
 Animal Cells
 Plant Cells
o Levels of Organization
 Cells
 Tissues
 Organs
 Organ Systems
 Organism
UNIT 5: CELLULAR ENERGETICS
CHAPTER 9: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Chemical Pathways
- Glucose
- Mitochondria Structure
- “Cellular Respiration”
- Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis
o ATP Production
o NADH Production
 NAD+ converted to NADH
- Fermentation
o Anaerobic
o Lactic Acid Fermentation
The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport
- Aerobic
- “The Krebs Cycle”
o Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate)
o CO2
o NADH and FADH2
-
-
-
The Electron Transport Chain
o NADH and FADH2
o H+ Ions
o ATP Synthesis
The Totals
o ATP
o Efficiency of Cellular Respiration
Energy and Exercise
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
CHAPTER 8: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Energy and Life
- Autotrophs
- Heterotrophs
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
o ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
o Stored Energy
o Chemical Equation for ATP Synthesis
Photosynthesis: An Overview
- “Photosynthesis”
- The Photosynthesis Equation
- Pigments
o Chlorophyll (a and b)
The Reactions of Photosynthesis
- Chloroplasts
o Thylakoids
o Grana
o Photosystems
o Stroma
- Electron Carriers
o NADP+ converted to NADPH
- Light Dependent Reactions
o H+
o NADPH
o ATP Synthase
- The Calvin Cycle
o Carbon Fixation (CO2)
o Sugar Production
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
UNIT 6: CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
CHAPTER 12: DNA
Identifying the Substances of Genes
- The Role of DNA
o
o
o
Storing Genetic Information
Copying Genetic Information
Transmitting Genetic Information
Structure of DNA
o Nucleotides
 Sugar (Deoxyribose)
 Phosphate
 Nitrogenous Bases
 Purines
o Adenine
o Guanine
 Pyrimidines
o Thymine
o Cytosine
o Chargaff’s Rules
o Rosalind Franklin
o Watson and Crick
o Double Helix Model
 Antiparallel Strands
 Hydrogen Bonding
 Base Pairing
CHAPTER 10: CELL GROWTH AND DIVISION
Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction
- Limits to Cell Size
o Exchanging Materials
 Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- Cell Division and Reproduction
o Asexual Reproduction
o Sexual Reproduction
o Comparing Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
The Process of Cell Division
- Chromosomes
o Prokaryotic Chromosomes
o Eukaryotic Chromosomes
 Chromatin
- The Cell Cycle
o The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle
 Binary Fission
o The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
 Interphase
 G1 Phase
 S Phase
 G2 Phase
 M Phase (Cell Division)
o Mitosis
 Prophase
o
 Centromere
 Chromatid
 Centrioles
 Spindle
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
Cytokinesis
 Animal: Cleavage Furrow
 Plant: Cell Plate
Regulating the Cell Cycle
- Uncontrolled Cell Growth
o Cancer
 Tumor
o Causes of Cancer
o Treatments for Cancer
CHAPTER 11: INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS
Section 4: Meiosis
- Chromosome Number
o Diploid Cells (2n)
 Homologous Chromosomes
o Haploid Cells (n)
- Phases of Meiosis
- Gamete Formation
- Zygote
- Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
UNIT 7: GENETICS
CHAPTER 11: INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS
The Work of Gregor Mendel
- Inheritance
- Gregor Mendel
o Garden Peas
o Fertilization
o True-Breeding
o Cross-Pollination
o Traits
o Monohybrid Crosses
o Mendel’s Seven Crosses
o P, F1, F2 Generations
o Hybrids
o Genes
o Alleles
o
o
Mendel’s Two Conclusions
 Biological Inheritance is Determined by Genes
 Principle of Dominance
 Dominant and Recessive Alleles
Gametes
Probability and Punnett Squares
- Principle of Probability
- Punnett Squares
o Homozygous Dominant
o Heterozygous
o Homozygous Recessive
o Phenotype vs. Genotype
- Probability
- Probabilities Predict Averages
Exploring Mendelian Genetics
- Dihybrid Crosses
- Law of Independent Assortment