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PreAP BIOLOGY
FALL FINAL EXAM
OUTLINE
UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
CHAPTER 1: THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
Section 1.1: What is Science?
- Definition of “Science”
- Goal of Science
- Scientific Methodology
o Observation
o Forming a Question
 Inferences
o Hypothesis
o Controlled Experiment
 Independent (Manipulated) Variable
 Dependent (Responding) Variable
 Control Group
 Experimental Group
o Data Collection
 Quantitative Data
 Qualitative Data
 Equipment
 Charts and Graphs
 Sources of Error
o Drawing Conclusions
 Revising Hypothesis
Section 1.3: Studying Life
- Definition of “Biology”
- Characteristics of Living Things
o Made Up of Cells
o Based on Universal Genetic Code
 DNA
o Obtain and Use Materials and Energy
 Metabolism
o Grow and Develop
o Reproduce
 Asexual
 Sexual
o Respond to Their Environment
 Stimulus and Response
o
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Maintain a Stable Internal Environment
 Homeostasis
o Change Over Time
 Evolve
Central Themes of Biology (Big Ideas)
o Cellular Basis of Life
o Information and Energy
o Growth, Development, and Reproduction
o Homeostasis
o Evolution
o Structure and Function
o Unity and Diversity of Life
o Interdependence in Nature
o Science as a Way of Knowing
Performing Biological Investigations
o Scientific Measurement
 Metric System
 International System of Units (SI)
o Laboratory Safety
UNIT 2: ECOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: THE BIOSPHERE
Section 3.1: What is Ecology?
- Investigating Our Living Planet
o Biosphere
o “Ecology”
o Ecological Levels of Organization
 Individual Organisms
 Population
 Community
 Ecosystem
 Biome
 Biosphere
- Biotic and Abiotic Factors
o Biotic Factor
o Abiotic Factor
Section 3.2: Energy, Producers, and Consumers
- Primary Producers
o Autotrophs
o Primary Producers
o Photosynthesis
o Chemosynthesis
- Consumers
o Heterotrophs
o
Consumers
 Carnivores
 Herbivores
 Omnivores
 Scavengers
 Decomposers
 Detritivores
Section 3.3: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
- Food Chains and Food Webs
o Food Chains
o Food Webs
 Role of Decomposers
- Analyzing Energy and Matter Flow Through Trophic Levels
o Trophic Level
o Ecological Pyramids
 Energy Pyramid
 10% Rule
 Biomass Pyramid
 Biomass
 Numbers Pyramid
Section 3.4: Cycle of Matter
- Recycling in the Biosphere
o Biogeochemical Cycles
o Biological Processes
o Geological Processes
o Chemical and Physical Processes
o Human Activity
- The Water Cycle
- Nutrient Cycles
o Nutrient
o The Carbon Cycle
o The Nitrogen Cycle
 Nitrogen Fixation
 Denitrification
o The Phosphorus Cycle
- Nutrient Limitation
o Limiting Nutrient
 Nutrient Limitation in Soil
 Nutrient Limitation in Aquatic Ecosystems
CHAPTER 4: ECOSYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES
Section 4.1: Climate
- Weather and Climate
o Weather
-
o Climate
Factors That Affect Climate
o Local Climate
o Global Climate
o Greenhouse Effect
o Latitude and Solar Energy
o Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Section 4.2: Niches and Community Interactions
- The Niche
o Habitat
o Niche
 Physical External Factors
 Biological External Factors
 Resources
- Competition
o Competitive Exclusion Principle
o Dividing Resources
- Predation, Herbivory, and Keystone Species
o Predator-Prey Relationships
o Herbivore-Plant Relationships
 Herbivory
o Keystone Species
- Symbiosis
o Mutualism
o Parasitism
o Commensalism
Section 4.3: Succession
- Primary and Secondary Succession
o Ecological Succession
o Primary Succession
 Pioneer Species
o Secondary Succession
- Climax Communities
Section 4.4: Biomes
- The Major Biomes (General characteristics such as temperature and precipitation)
o Regional Climate
o Tropical Rain Forest
o Tropical Dry Forest
o Tropical Grassland/Savanna/Shrubland
o Desert
o Temperate Grassland
o Temperate Woodland and Shrubland
o Temperate Forest
o Northwestern Coniferous Forest
o Boreal Forest
o
Tundra
CHAPTER 5: POPULATIONS
Section 5.1: How Populations Grow
- Describing Populations
o Geographic Range
o Density
 Population Density
- Population Growth
o Birthrate and Death Rate
o Immigration and Emigration
- Exponential Growth
o Exponential Growth
o Rapidly Reproducing Organisms
o Slowly Reproducing Organisms
o Organisms in New Environments
o Models of Exponential Growth
 Exponential Growth Curve
- Logistic Growth
o Phases of Growth
 Phase 1: Exponential Growth
 Phase 2: Growth Slows Down
 Phase 3: Growth Stops
o The Logistic Growth Curve
o Carrying Capacity
Section 5.2: Limits to Growth
- Limiting Factors
- Density-Dependent Limiting Factors
o Competition
o Predation
o Herbivory
o Human Predation
o Parasitism
o Disease
o Stress from Overcrowding
- Density-Independent Limiting Factors
o “Natural Disasters”
o Controlling Introduced Species
Section 5.3: Human Population Growth
- Historical Overview
o Exponential Human Population Growth
o The Predictions of Malthus
o World Population Growth Slows
CHAPTER 6: HUMANS IN THE BIOSPHERE
Section 6.1: A Changing Landscape
- The Effects of Human Activity
o Agriculture
 Monoculture
o Development
o Industrial Growth
- Sustainable Development
o Renewable Resources
o Nonrenewable Resources
Section 6.2: Using Resources Wisely
- Soil Resources
o Soil Erosion
 Desertification
 Deforestation
o Soil Use and Sustainability
- Freshwater Resources
o Water Pollution
 Industrial and Agricultural Chemicals
 Biological Magnification
o Water Quality and Sustainability
- Atmospheric Resources
o Air Pollution
o Air Quality and Sustainability
Section 6.3: Biodiversity
- The Value of Biodiversity
o Types of Biodiversity
 Ecosystem Diversity
 Species Diversity
 Genetic Diversity
- Threats to Biodiversity
o Altered Habitats
 Habitat Fragmentation
o Introduced Species
o Pollution
o Climate Change
- Conserving Biodiversity
o Protecting Individual Species
o Preserving Habitats and Ecosystems
o Considering Local Interests
UNIT 3: BIOCHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Section 2.1: The Nature of Matter
- Atoms
o Subatomic Particles
 Protons
 Neutrons
 Electrons
- Elements and Isotopes
o Element
o Isotope
 Radioactive Isotopes
- Chemical Compounds
o Compound
- Chemical Bonds
o Ionic Bond
o Covalent Bond
 Molecule
Section 2.2: Properties of Water
- The Water Molecule
o Polarity
o Hydrogen Bonding
 Cohesion
 Adhesion
 Heat Capacity
- Solutions and Suspensions
o Mixture
o Solutions
 Solute
 Solvent
- Acids, Bases, and pH
o Dissociation of Water
 Hydrogen Ions
 Hydroxide Ions
o pH Scale
o Acids
o Bases
o Buffers
Section 2.3: Carbon Compounds
- The Chemistry of Carbon
o 4 Valence Electrons
o Common Bonding Elements
o Covalent Bonds (Single, Double)
o Carbon Structures
-
Biomolecules
o Macromolecules
o Polymerization
 Monomer
 Polymer
o 4 Biomolecules (Macromolecules)
 Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharides
 Polysaccharides
 Lipids
 Saturated
 Unsaturated
 Nucleic Acids
 Nucleotides
 DNA and RNA
 Protein
 Structure
o Amino Acids (20)
o Peptide Bonds
o Polypeptides
 Function
o R-Groups
 Organization
o Primary Structure
o Secondary Structure
o Tertiary Structure
o Quaternary Structure
Section 2.4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
- Chemical Reactions
o Reactants
o Products
- Energy in Reactions
o Energy Changes
o Energy Sources
o Activation Energy
- Enzymes
o Proteins
o Catalyst
 Lowering Activation Energy
o Enzyme Substrate Complex
 Active Site
 Substrate
 Lock-and-Key Fit
o Regulation of Enzyme Activity
 Temperature
 pH

Regulatory Molecules
 Competitive Inhibitors
 Noncompetitive Inhibitors
UNIT 4: CELLULAR BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 7: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Section 7.1: Life is Cellular
- The Discovery of the Cell
o Early Microscopes
o The Cell Theory
- Exploring the Cell
o Light Microscopes
o Electron Microscopes
 Transmission (TEM)
 Scanning (SEM)
- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
o Cell Size
o Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
o Prokaryotes
 No Membrane-Bound Nucleus
 Smaller
 Unicellular
 “Bacteria”
o Eukaryotes
 True Nucleus
 Larger and More Complex
 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
 Protists, Fungus, Plants, and Animals
Section 7.2: Cell Structure
- Cell Organization
o Cytoplasm
o Organelles
o Nucleus
 Nuclear Envelope
 Nuclear Pores
 Chromosomes
 DNA
 Nucleolus
- Organelles that Store, Clean Up, and Support
o Vacuoles
 Central Vacuole
 Contractile Vacuole
 Vesicles
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-
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o Lysosomes
o Cytoskeleton
Organelles that Build Proteins
o Ribosomes
 Protein Synthesis
o Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Rough ER
 Smooth ER
o Golgi Apparatus
Organelles that Capture and Release Energy
o Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
Cellular Boundaries
o Cell Wall
o Cell Membrane
 Lipid Bilayer
 Hydrophobic (Tails)
 Hydrophilic (Heads)
 Fluid Mosaic Model
 Selectively Permeable
Section 7.3: Cell Transport
- Passive Transport
o Diffusion
o Concentration Gradient
o Facilitated Diffusion
 Carrier/ Channel Proteins
o Osmosis
 Aquaporins
 Isotonic Solution
 Hypertonic Solution
 Plant Cells: Plasmolysis
 Hypotonic Solution
 Plant Cells: Turgid
 Animal Cells: Lyse
 Osmotic Pressure
- Active Transport
o Molecular Transport
o Bulk Transport
 Endocytosis
 Exocytosis
Section 7.4: Homeostasis and Cells
- The Cell as an Organism
o Homeostasis
o Single-Celled Organisms (Unicellular)
-
Multicellular Life
o Cellular Specialization
 Animal Cells
 Plant Cells
o Levels of Organization
 Cells
 Tissues
 Organs
 Organ Systems
 Organism
UNIT 5: CELLULAR ENERGETICS
CHAPTER 9: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Chemical Pathways
- Glucose
- Calorie
- Mitochondria Structure
- “Cellular Respiration”
- Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis
o ATP Production
o NADH Production
 NAD+ converted to NADH
- Fermentation
o Anaerobic
o Lactic Acid Fermentation
The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport
- Aerobic
- “The Krebs Cycle”
o Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate)
o CO2
o NADH and FADH2
- The Electron Transport Chain
o NADH and FADH2
o H+ Ions
o ATP Synthase
o ATP Synthesis
- The Totals
o ATP
o Efficiency of Cellular Respiration
- Energy and Exercise
- Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
CHAPTER 8: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Energy and Life
- Autotrophs
- Heterotrophs
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
o ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
o Stored Energy
o Chemical Equation for ATP Synthesis
Photosynthesis: An Overview
- “Photosynthesis”
- The Photosynthesis Equation
- Pigments
o Chlorophyll (a and b)
The Reactions of Photosynthesis
- Chloroplasts
o Thylakoids
o Grana
o Photosystems
o Stroma
- Electron Carriers
o NADP+ converted to NADPH
- Light Dependent Reactions
o H+
o NADPH
o ATP Synthase
- The Calvin Cycle
o Carbon Fixation (CO2)
o Sugar Production
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
UNIT 6: CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
CHAPTER 12: DNA
Identifying the Substances of Genes
- The Role of DNA
o Storing Genetic Information
o Copying Genetic Information
o Transmitting Genetic Information
Structure of DNA
o Nucleotides
 Sugar (Deoxyribose)


o
o
o
o
Phosphate
Nitrogenous Bases
 Purines
o Adenine
o Guanine
 Pyrimidines
o Thymine
o Cytosine
Chargaff’s Rules
Rosalind Franklin
Watson and Crick
Double Helix Model
 Antiparallel Strands
 Hydrogen Bonding
 Base Pairing
CHAPTER 10: CELL GROWTH AND DIVISION
Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction
- Limits to Cell Size
o Exchanging Materials
 Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- Cell Division and Reproduction
o Asexual Reproduction
o Sexual Reproduction
o Comparing Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
The Process of Cell Division
- Chromosomes
o Prokaryotic Chromosomes
o Eukaryotic Chromosomes
 Chromatin
- The Cell Cycle
o The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle
 Binary Fission
o The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
 Interphase
 G1 Phase
 S Phase
 G2 Phase
 M Phase (Cell Division)
o Mitosis
 Prophase
 Centromere
 Chromatid
 Centrioles
 Spindle
o
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
Cytokinesis
 Animal: Cleavage Furrow
 Plant: Cell Plate
Regulating the Cell Cycle
- Uncontrolled Cell Growth
o Cancer
 Tumor
o Causes of Cancer
o Treatments for Cancer
CHAPTER 11: INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS
Section 4: Meiosis
- Chromosome Number
o Diploid Cells (2n)
 Homologous Chromosomes
o Haploid Cells (n)
- Phases of Meiosis
o Meiosis I (PMAT 1)
 Tetrad
 Crossing-Over
o Meiosis II (PMAT II)
- Gamete Formation
- Zygote
- Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
UNIT 7: GENETICS
CHAPTER 11: INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS
The Work of Gregor Mendel
- Inheritance
- Gregor Mendel
o Garden Peas
o Fertilization
o True-Breeding
o Cross-Pollination
o Traits
o Monohybrid Crosses
o Mendel’s Seven Crosses
o P, F1, F2 Generations
o
o
o
o
o
o
Hybrids
Genes
Alleles
Mendel’s Two Conclusions
 Biological Inheritance is Determined by Genes
 Principle of Dominance
 Dominant and Recessive Alleles
Law of Segregation
Gametes
Probability and Punnett Squares
- Principle of Probability
- Punnett Squares
o Homozygous Dominant
o Heterozygous
o Homozygous Recessive
o Phenotype vs. Genotype
- Probability and Segregation
- Probabilities Predict Averages
Exploring Mendelian Genetics
- Dihybrid Crosses
- Law of Independent Assortment
- A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
o Complete Dominance
- Non-Mendelian Genetics
o Incomplete Dominance
o Codominance
o Multiple Alleles
o Polygenic Traits
- Environmental Impacts on Genetics