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Chapter 4 Objectives
Body membranes, which cover surfaces, line body cavities, and
form protective (and often lubricating) sheets around organs, fall
into two major groups. There are (1) epithelial membranes,
which include the cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes, and
(2) connective tissue membranes, represented by synovial
membranes. The cutaneous membrane, generally called the skin
or integumentary system, will receive most of our attention in this
chapter, but first we will consider the other body membranes.
Objective Checklist
Classification of Body Membranes
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List the general functions of each membrane type-cutaneous, mucous, serous, and
synovial-and give its location in the body.
Compare the structure (tissue makeup) of the major membrane types.
Integumentary System (Skin)
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List several important functions of the integumentary system and explain how
these functions are accomplished.
When provided with a model or diagram of the skin, recognize and name the
following skin structures: epidermis, dermis (papillary and reticular layers), hair
and hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and sweat gland.
Name the layers of the epidermis and describe the characteristics of each.
Describe the distribution and function of the epidermal derivatives-sebaceous
glands, sweat glands, and hair.
Name the factors that determine skin color and describe the function of melanin.
Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns.
Explain the importance of the "rule of nines."
Summarize the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma,
and malignant melanoma.
Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes
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List several examples of integumentary system aging.
Copyright © 1995-2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin
Cummings
Terms/concepts
Classification of Body Membranes
Epithelial Membranes
Cutaneous membrane
Dense connective tissue
Keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
Mucous membranes
Lamina propria (loose connective tissue)
Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Serous membranes
Simple squamous epithelium
Areolar connective tissue
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Serous fluid
Peritoneum
Pleura
Pericardium
Connective Tissue Membranes
Synovial membranes
Areolar connective tissue
No epithelial cells
Bursae
Tendon sheaths
Integumentary System (Skin)
Cutaneous membrane
Basic skin functions
Integument
Cornified
Protection
Mechanical damage
Chemical damage
Thermal damage
Ultraviolet radiation
Bacteria
Insulation
Cushion
Regulating heat loss
Excretory system
Manufactures vitamin D
Structure of the skin
Epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)
Strata
Stratum Basale (stratum germinativum)
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Only on palms of hands and soles of feet
Stratum corneum
Avascular
Keratinocytes
Melanin
melanocytes
Dermis
Dense connective tissue
Papillary layer
Dermal papillae
Capillary loops
Pain receptors
Touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles)
Reticular layer
Blood vessels
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Deep pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles)
Phagocytes
Collagen
Elastic fibers
Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
Adipose tissue
Skin color
Melanin
Carotene
Oxygen rich hemoglobin in the dermal blood vessels
Cyanosis
Erythema (redness)
Pallor (blanching)
Jaundice (yellow cast)
Bruises (black and blue marks)
Hematomas
Appendages of the skin
Cutaneous Glands
Sebaceous glands
Sebum
Whitehead
Blackhead
Seborrhea
Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)
Eccrine glands
Sweat
Apocrine glands
Sweat + fatty acids and proteins
Androgens
Hairs and hair follicles
Root
Shaft
Matrix
Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle
Hair follicles
Epidermal sheath
Dermal sheath
Papilla
Arrector pili
Nails
Free edge
Body
Root
Nail folds
Cuticle
Nail bed
Nail matrix
Lanula
Infections and allergies
Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis)
Boils and carbuncles
Cold sores
Contact dermatitis
Impetigo
Psoriasis
Burns
Circulatory shock
Rule of nines
First-degree burns (partial thickness burn)
Second-degree burns (partial thickness burn)
Third-degree burns (full thickness burn)
Skin Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
ABCD rule
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter