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Transcript
Questions for each cell structure Ribosomes: What are the two subunits? How do the two subunits bind together with a m-RNA? Describe protein synthesis briefly. What is involved? What are ribosomes made of? How do ribosomes differ in Eukaryotes compared to Prokaryotes? How many ribosomes in an average cell? Why so many? What two organelles have ribosomes independent of the cell’s? Is there a difference between a free floating ribosome and one attached to the ER? Cytoskeleton: What are the major filaments/ structures that make up the cytoskeleton? How are they arranged? What processes is the cytoskeleton involved in? Explain what happens when a cell has to change shape (cell division, endo/exocytosis)? What cells do you find a cytoskeleton in? Does it differ depending on the cell type? Muscle contraction? Nucleus What is the difference in composition between the inside of the nucleus and cytoplasm? Why? What materials can pass through the nuclear membrane to get into the nucleus? What is the purpose of the nucleus? Why can bacteria survive without one? What is the structure of DNA in the nucleus? What is a histone? Chromosome? Chromatin? What materials cause damage to DNA? Explain, %. What two major processes happen in the nucleus? Nucleolus What is made and stored in the nucleolus? How? What are the materials used in? Describe the difference in chemistry between the nucleolus and the nucleus? Is there a separation between the two? Why does the nucleolus appear darker in electron scans than the nucleus? What are the 3 functions of RNA? How do they differ structurally? Mitochondria Explain the use of the inner membrane in electron transport. How does the inner membrane differ from the outer? What is the difference between the matrix and innermembrane space? Why do mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes? What major process occurs in the mitochondria? How is oxygen involved? How many mitochondria do you find in an average cell? Which cell type would have the most? What is the Kreb’s Cycle (TCA or Citric Acid)? Chloroplasts What cells are chloroplasts found in? How many chloroplasts per cell? Explain how the chlorophyll catches or uses sunlight to go through photosynthesis. What is the Calvin Cycle? What is RUBISCO? How many membranes in a chloroplast? What is a thakyloid? How does each layer of the chloroplast differ from each other? Why do chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes? Endoplasmic reticulum What is the function of the ER? What is the difference between the rough ER and the smooth ER? How does the ER activate proteins? What materials are added or subtracted? How long is the ER? Explain the structure of the ER. What is the difference between a protein that is used for inter cell function compared to one that will be exported out of the cell? Cilia/flagella Give structure and function of each. Where are they anchored to? Explain the base structure. What kind of cells have cilia and flagella in general? In humans and other animals? Plants? Be able to explain how cilia help some organisms with food uptake. Golgi Apparatus What is the golgi? Explain the process of packaging a protein. Why enclose it in a membrane? (think about transport) Give examples of proteins that will be packaged for transport. Does the golgi have other functions? How many per cell? What other organelles act in the process of creating and packaging proteins? Vacuole What is turgor pressure? How is it created? What other organelles come into play? What are the functions of a vacuole in plants? In animals? Is there a difference between the inside of the vacuole and the cytoplasm? Is the membrane any different from the cell membrane? Any specialized functions? What are some of the different roles a vacuole can play in the life of a cell? Lysosome How is a lysosome formed? What organelles play a role in its formation? What are the reasons for a lysosome? Are they different in plants compared to animals? Explain how the toxic chemicals inside a lysosome are not active until inside the lysosome. Explain the process of cell lysis (death). Cytoplasm What main cell processes occur in the cytoplasm? Give the chemical composition of the cytoplasm. Does it differ in plants to animals? Does it differ in aquatic organisms? Why? What is viscosity? Does it apply to the cytoplasm? Why is solute concentration in the cytoplasm especially important in aquatic organisms? (Osmosis) Cell Membrane What are the 3-4 primary components of a membrane? Function of each? Explain how a phospholipid works, the head and the tail. What materials can cross the membrane passively? What is the difference between passive and active transport? How does active transport work? Facilitated diffusion-how do gates work to open or close? How does endo or exocytosis work? What is phagocytosis? What cells go through this process? Cell Wall Be able to explain the difference in structure between a plant cell wall and a bacteria cell wall. What are the two main materials? How does a cell wall function in hydrostatic pressure? How does it differ from the membrane? Do certain plant cells have thicker or thinner cell walls? Why? What cell functions or processes does the cell wall act in?
