Introduction to Immunology and Immunotoxicology
... Images from NTP atlas of non-neoplastic lesions (http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/nnl/) ...
... Images from NTP atlas of non-neoplastic lesions (http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/nnl/) ...
2-3 Innate immunity 2016
... •Activate the innate immune response (by secreted proteins, called cytokines) •Activate the adaptive immune system. Macrophages serve as APCs that display antigens and activate T lymphocytes •Dendritic cells are constitutively present in tissues and recognize rapidly microbes that enter these tissue ...
... •Activate the innate immune response (by secreted proteins, called cytokines) •Activate the adaptive immune system. Macrophages serve as APCs that display antigens and activate T lymphocytes •Dendritic cells are constitutively present in tissues and recognize rapidly microbes that enter these tissue ...
Antigen-processing-and-presentation
... • MHC class II activate CD4 T helper cells • Present exogenous (eg bacteria) antigens • CD4 T cells upregulate all immune functions • MHC class II found only on cells that sample the extracellular environment ...
... • MHC class II activate CD4 T helper cells • Present exogenous (eg bacteria) antigens • CD4 T cells upregulate all immune functions • MHC class II found only on cells that sample the extracellular environment ...
Bones can be described on the basis of their overall macroscopic
... Granulocytes – Presence of granules in their cytoplasm Neutrophil: 50-70% of WBC; most common WBC; phagocytic; first response inflammation Eosinophil: <5% of WBC; fight parasites Basophil: <1% of WBC; release histamines (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) Agranulocytes – (aka lymphoid cells) A ...
... Granulocytes – Presence of granules in their cytoplasm Neutrophil: 50-70% of WBC; most common WBC; phagocytic; first response inflammation Eosinophil: <5% of WBC; fight parasites Basophil: <1% of WBC; release histamines (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) Agranulocytes – (aka lymphoid cells) A ...
lecture 4: lymphatic system and immunity
... that contain digestive enzyme to break down waste materials and cellular debris. In macrophages when bacteria or infected cell is engulfed, lysosomes release their digestive enzyme and break them down. ii. The most active phagocytes in the blood are neutrophils and monocytes. iii. Monocytes give ris ...
... that contain digestive enzyme to break down waste materials and cellular debris. In macrophages when bacteria or infected cell is engulfed, lysosomes release their digestive enzyme and break them down. ii. The most active phagocytes in the blood are neutrophils and monocytes. iii. Monocytes give ris ...
factor v leiden mutation
... many receptors on NK cells. Class II MHC molecules: HLA DR, DP, DQ Present on the surface of antigen-presenting cells as: Dendritic cells, macrophages- monocytes, B-cells, and tissue specific cells. Protect against extracellular pathogens. Major ligand for: TCR on CD-4+ T- helper cells. ...
... many receptors on NK cells. Class II MHC molecules: HLA DR, DP, DQ Present on the surface of antigen-presenting cells as: Dendritic cells, macrophages- monocytes, B-cells, and tissue specific cells. Protect against extracellular pathogens. Major ligand for: TCR on CD-4+ T- helper cells. ...
Dendritic cells at the end of the Millennium
... express RANTES, but its mRNA is down-regulated immediately after LPS activation and remains low during the entire period (2–3 h) in which DC are supposed to persist at the inflammatory site. This chemokine is finally strongly upregulated 24 h after LPS treatment, when DC have reached the lymphoid or ...
... express RANTES, but its mRNA is down-regulated immediately after LPS activation and remains low during the entire period (2–3 h) in which DC are supposed to persist at the inflammatory site. This chemokine is finally strongly upregulated 24 h after LPS treatment, when DC have reached the lymphoid or ...
Immune System
... Type III Immune Complex Insoluble Ant/Ab deposit in the microvasculature Ca /neutrophils---tissue damage ...
... Type III Immune Complex Insoluble Ant/Ab deposit in the microvasculature Ca /neutrophils---tissue damage ...
Intl Day of Immunology booklet
... HIV is a retrovirus which is able to infect special cells of the human immune system known as CD4+ T-cells and macrophages. Retroviruses are unique as they are able to insert their genetic material into the human genome and manipulate the cell to allow the virus to hide from the body’s defences. Onc ...
... HIV is a retrovirus which is able to infect special cells of the human immune system known as CD4+ T-cells and macrophages. Retroviruses are unique as they are able to insert their genetic material into the human genome and manipulate the cell to allow the virus to hide from the body’s defences. Onc ...
Blood Functions
... tumors and viruses • There are two types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells – T cells - attack foreign cells directly – B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies ...
... tumors and viruses • There are two types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells – T cells - attack foreign cells directly – B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies ...
Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease
... the CD4 helper T cells are tolerant at lower concentrations of autoantigens or because they only recognize cryptic epitopes. When a cross-reacting microbial antigen bears a new carrier epitope to which T cells are not tolerant, these inactive B cells can be switched on. The activated B cells now pre ...
... the CD4 helper T cells are tolerant at lower concentrations of autoantigens or because they only recognize cryptic epitopes. When a cross-reacting microbial antigen bears a new carrier epitope to which T cells are not tolerant, these inactive B cells can be switched on. The activated B cells now pre ...
Physiology of Human Development (MCB 135K)
... B. The bone marrow produces stem cells from which ALL lymphocytes are derived. C. The response to viral infections often involves T killer cells. D. Macrophages and neutrophils have phagocytic and antigen processing and presentation activities. 2. Which statement is FALSE? A. B-cells differentiate i ...
... B. The bone marrow produces stem cells from which ALL lymphocytes are derived. C. The response to viral infections often involves T killer cells. D. Macrophages and neutrophils have phagocytic and antigen processing and presentation activities. 2. Which statement is FALSE? A. B-cells differentiate i ...
NK cells Interferons J. Ochotná
... Allospecific serums (obtained from multiple natal to 6 weeks after birth, obtained by vaccination of volunteers, or commercially prepared sets of typing serums (monoclonal antibodies)) Principle - the incubation of lymphocytes with typing serums in the presence of rabbit complement, then is adde ...
... Allospecific serums (obtained from multiple natal to 6 weeks after birth, obtained by vaccination of volunteers, or commercially prepared sets of typing serums (monoclonal antibodies)) Principle - the incubation of lymphocytes with typing serums in the presence of rabbit complement, then is adde ...
Zánět
... • The innate system reacts promptly without specificity and memory. Phagocytic cells are important contributors in innate reactivity together with enzymes, complement activation and acute phase proteins. When phagocytic cells are activated, the synthesis of different cytokines is triggered. These cy ...
... • The innate system reacts promptly without specificity and memory. Phagocytic cells are important contributors in innate reactivity together with enzymes, complement activation and acute phase proteins. When phagocytic cells are activated, the synthesis of different cytokines is triggered. These cy ...
31.4 Immunity and Technology
... – examples include vinegar and soap • Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body. – target one specific bacterium or fungus – not effective against viruses ...
... – examples include vinegar and soap • Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body. – target one specific bacterium or fungus – not effective against viruses ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.