numerical calculation of the ground state energies of the hydrogen
... also by Kolos and Wolniewicz (1968), this establishes the basis for further research. They implemented a variational approach in which the wave function is expressed in elliptic coordinates and using a method of Born. Before the advent of quantum mechanics all numerical solutions so far obtained mad ...
... also by Kolos and Wolniewicz (1968), this establishes the basis for further research. They implemented a variational approach in which the wave function is expressed in elliptic coordinates and using a method of Born. Before the advent of quantum mechanics all numerical solutions so far obtained mad ...
Topics in Early Universe Cosmology
... This thesis contains material previously published in Physical Review D : • Chapter 2 is based on [20] which was written in collaboration with Robert Brandenberger. I performed most of the analytical computations and wrote a large fraction of the body of the text. I derived analytically the energy d ...
... This thesis contains material previously published in Physical Review D : • Chapter 2 is based on [20] which was written in collaboration with Robert Brandenberger. I performed most of the analytical computations and wrote a large fraction of the body of the text. I derived analytically the energy d ...
Introductions : - SS Margol College
... and directly proportional to the permittivity of medium. Apart from these, two factors (size and permittivity), the capacity of a conductor also depends on the presence of charged or uncharged conductors in its surrounding. Note: Isolated conductors are not suitable to use as charge storing devices ...
... and directly proportional to the permittivity of medium. Apart from these, two factors (size and permittivity), the capacity of a conductor also depends on the presence of charged or uncharged conductors in its surrounding. Note: Isolated conductors are not suitable to use as charge storing devices ...
Chapter 26
... 1. True or False? (a) From the definition of capacitance C = Q /V, it follows that an uncharged capacitor has a capacitance of zero. (b) As described by the definition of capacitance, the potential difference across an uncharged capacitor is zero. 2. By what factor is the capacitance of a metal sph ...
... 1. True or False? (a) From the definition of capacitance C = Q /V, it follows that an uncharged capacitor has a capacitance of zero. (b) As described by the definition of capacitance, the potential difference across an uncharged capacitor is zero. 2. By what factor is the capacitance of a metal sph ...
Chapter 1 The Electric Force
... • The electric force is proportional to the product of the charges q1 and q2 on the two particles F ∝ q1 q 2 ; •The electric force is attractive if the charges are of opposite sign and repulsive if the charges have the same sign; • The electric force is a conservative force. ...
... • The electric force is proportional to the product of the charges q1 and q2 on the two particles F ∝ q1 q 2 ; •The electric force is attractive if the charges are of opposite sign and repulsive if the charges have the same sign; • The electric force is a conservative force. ...
Quantum coherent biomolecular energy transfer with spatially
... Quantum coherent biomolecular energy transfer with spatially correlated fluctuations 4 transfer processes. The coupling of two chromophore pairs to the common slowly fluctuating modes even allows to entangle two excitonic pairs over surprisingly long times even at room temperature [40]. However, wh ...
... Quantum coherent biomolecular energy transfer with spatially correlated fluctuations 4 transfer processes. The coupling of two chromophore pairs to the common slowly fluctuating modes even allows to entangle two excitonic pairs over surprisingly long times even at room temperature [40]. However, wh ...
vortices - University of Toronto Physics
... by the vortices in them, which can form very complex patterns. They can form closed ‘vortex rings’, which are also quantum objects, and which can tunnel and form state superpositions. The macroscopic properties of the superfluid are typically determined by vast ‘vortex A quantized vortex ring tangle ...
... by the vortices in them, which can form very complex patterns. They can form closed ‘vortex rings’, which are also quantum objects, and which can tunnel and form state superpositions. The macroscopic properties of the superfluid are typically determined by vast ‘vortex A quantized vortex ring tangle ...
What does it mean for half of an empty cavity to be full?
... confined spaces, for example, in an optical cavity. The obvious consequence of this, however, is surprising and intuitively challenging: namely, that in a mathematical sense, half of an empty cavity is not empty. Formally this is clear, but what does this physically mean in terms of, say, measuremen ...
... confined spaces, for example, in an optical cavity. The obvious consequence of this, however, is surprising and intuitively challenging: namely, that in a mathematical sense, half of an empty cavity is not empty. Formally this is clear, but what does this physically mean in terms of, say, measuremen ...
Landau Gauge Quark Propagator with External Magnetic Fields
... Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is a remarkable theory as it has founded the success of quantum field theory already long time ago, consolidating and deepening the significant insights into quantum physics that Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) had just given a few years before. The feature of asymptotic f ...
... Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is a remarkable theory as it has founded the success of quantum field theory already long time ago, consolidating and deepening the significant insights into quantum physics that Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) had just given a few years before. The feature of asymptotic f ...
electrostatic potential and capacitance
... FIGURE 2.1 A test charge q (> 0) is R to P, we apply an external force Fext just enough to moved from the point R to the counter the repulsive electric force FE (i.e, Fext= –FE). point P against the repulsive force on it by the charge Q (> 0) This means there is no net force on or acceleration of pl ...
... FIGURE 2.1 A test charge q (> 0) is R to P, we apply an external force Fext just enough to moved from the point R to the counter the repulsive electric force FE (i.e, Fext= –FE). point P against the repulsive force on it by the charge Q (> 0) This means there is no net force on or acceleration of pl ...
Stringy holography and the modern picture of QCD and hadrons
... Introduction The stringy description of hadrons has been thoroughly investigated since the seventies. What are the reasons to go back to “square one" and revisit this question? (i) Holography, or gauge/string duality, provides a bridge between the underlying theory of QCD (in certain limits) and a ...
... Introduction The stringy description of hadrons has been thoroughly investigated since the seventies. What are the reasons to go back to “square one" and revisit this question? (i) Holography, or gauge/string duality, provides a bridge between the underlying theory of QCD (in certain limits) and a ...
Casimir effect
In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect and the Casimir–Polder force are physical forces arising from a quantized field. They are named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir.The typical example is of two uncharged metallic plates in a vacuum, placed a few nanometers apart. In a classical description, the lack of an external field means that there is no field between the plates, and no force would be measured between them. When this field is instead studied using the QED vacuum of quantum electrodynamics, it is seen that the plates do affect the virtual photons which constitute the field, and generate a net force—either an attraction or a repulsion depending on the specific arrangement of the two plates. Although the Casimir effect can be expressed in terms of virtual particles interacting with the objects, it is best described and more easily calculated in terms of the zero-point energy of a quantized field in the intervening space between the objects. This force has been measured and is a striking example of an effect captured formally by second quantization. However, the treatment of boundary conditions in these calculations has led to some controversy.In fact, ""Casimir's original goal was to compute the van der Waals force between polarizable molecules"" of the metallic plates. Thus it can be interpreted without any reference to the zero-point energy (vacuum energy) of quantum fields.Dutch physicists Hendrik B. G. Casimir and Dirk Polder at Philips Research Labs proposed the existence of a force between two polarizable atoms and between such an atom and a conducting plate in 1947, and, after a conversation with Niels Bohr who suggested it had something to do with zero-point energy, Casimir alone formulated the theory predicting a force between neutral conducting plates in 1948; the former is called the Casimir–Polder force while the latter is the Casimir effect in the narrow sense. Predictions of the force were later extended to finite-conductivity metals and dielectrics by Lifshitz and his students, and recent calculations have considered more general geometries. It was not until 1997, however, that a direct experiment, by S. Lamoreaux, described above, quantitatively measured the force (to within 15% of the value predicted by the theory), although previous work [e.g. van Blockland and Overbeek (1978)] had observed the force qualitatively, and indirect validation of the predicted Casimir energy had been made by measuring the thickness of liquid helium films by Sabisky and Anderson in 1972. Subsequent experiments approach an accuracy of a few percent.Because the strength of the force falls off rapidly with distance, it is measurable only when the distance between the objects is extremely small. On a submicron scale, this force becomes so strong that it becomes the dominant force between uncharged conductors. In fact, at separations of 10 nm—about 100 times the typical size of an atom—the Casimir effect produces the equivalent of about 1 atmosphere of pressure (the precise value depending on surface geometry and other factors).In modern theoretical physics, the Casimir effect plays an important role in the chiral bag model of the nucleon; in applied physics, it is significant in some aspects of emerging microtechnologies and nanotechnologies.Any medium supporting oscillations has an analogue of the Casimir effect. For example, beads on a string as well as plates submerged in noisy water or gas illustrate the Casimir force.