Our Place in the Cosmos
... Accelerating Universe Ever since Hubble’s discovery of the expansion of the Universe, it was widely assumed that expansion rate would slow down due to gravitational pull of matter in the Universe In the late 1990s, surveys for distant supernovae showed the surprising result that they were fain ...
... Accelerating Universe Ever since Hubble’s discovery of the expansion of the Universe, it was widely assumed that expansion rate would slow down due to gravitational pull of matter in the Universe In the late 1990s, surveys for distant supernovae showed the surprising result that they were fain ...
Origin and Formation of the Universe – PowerPoint notes
... C. Inflationary Theory – predicts that there was a ________________________________ when the universe was very young, more extreme than predicted by ___________________________________! 1. Considered to be a ____________________ Big Bang Theory. 2. The universe ____________________ and _____________ ...
... C. Inflationary Theory – predicts that there was a ________________________________ when the universe was very young, more extreme than predicted by ___________________________________! 1. Considered to be a ____________________ Big Bang Theory. 2. The universe ____________________ and _____________ ...
Origin and Formation of the Universe – PowerPoint notes I
... C. Inflationary Theory – predicts that there was a ________________________________ when the universe was very young, more extreme than predicted by ___________________________________! 1. Considered to be a ____________________ Big Bang Theory. 2. The universe ____________________ and _____________ ...
... C. Inflationary Theory – predicts that there was a ________________________________ when the universe was very young, more extreme than predicted by ___________________________________! 1. Considered to be a ____________________ Big Bang Theory. 2. The universe ____________________ and _____________ ...
From the Big Bang to the Nobel Prize: Cosmic Background Explorer
... unstable particles, etc.) after t = 1 year. No good explanation besides Hot Big Bang. • CMB has spatial structure, 0.001% on scales > 7o, consistent with scale-invariant predictions and inflation, dark matter and dark energy or constant, and formation of galaxies and clusters by gravity. • CIBR ha ...
... unstable particles, etc.) after t = 1 year. No good explanation besides Hot Big Bang. • CMB has spatial structure, 0.001% on scales > 7o, consistent with scale-invariant predictions and inflation, dark matter and dark energy or constant, and formation of galaxies and clusters by gravity. • CIBR ha ...
Monday, December 8 - Otterbein University
... although red-shifted by the subsequent expansion • Predicted to be a blackbody spectrum with a characteristic temperature of 2.725 Kelvin by George Gamow (1948) Cosmic Microwave Background ...
... although red-shifted by the subsequent expansion • Predicted to be a blackbody spectrum with a characteristic temperature of 2.725 Kelvin by George Gamow (1948) Cosmic Microwave Background ...
Dec. 6 - UF Physics
... extremely high temperatures and density of the universe at this time. – The high density would cause rapid expansion. – As the universe expanded, H and He would cool and condense into stars and galaxies. – Today, due to continued cooling, radiation left over from the epoch of recombination, when neu ...
... extremely high temperatures and density of the universe at this time. – The high density would cause rapid expansion. – As the universe expanded, H and He would cool and condense into stars and galaxies. – Today, due to continued cooling, radiation left over from the epoch of recombination, when neu ...
Is space created and destroyed? 9 Feb 16 Feb 2012
... Unaccounted 3.4 Penzias & Wilson, 1965, “A measurement of the excess antenna temperature at 4080Mc/s,” ApJ 142, 419 “The excess temperature is … isotropic, unpolarized, and free from seasonal variation.” Q: Why would the radiation from the Big Bang be isotropic and free from seasonal variation? Give ...
... Unaccounted 3.4 Penzias & Wilson, 1965, “A measurement of the excess antenna temperature at 4080Mc/s,” ApJ 142, 419 “The excess temperature is … isotropic, unpolarized, and free from seasonal variation.” Q: Why would the radiation from the Big Bang be isotropic and free from seasonal variation? Give ...
dark matter - Aurora City Schools
... Big Bang Theory • EVERYTHING (space, time, matter, energy) was in one small point (singularity) that “blew up” and is still moving outwards today • Not really an explosion, so much as a very rapid expansion…like blowing up a balloon • About 13.7 billion years ago • Microwave radiation detected in t ...
... Big Bang Theory • EVERYTHING (space, time, matter, energy) was in one small point (singularity) that “blew up” and is still moving outwards today • Not really an explosion, so much as a very rapid expansion…like blowing up a balloon • About 13.7 billion years ago • Microwave radiation detected in t ...
powerpoint - Physics @ IUPUI
... • By the 1950s it was pretty well established that our universe was expanding. • But what did that mean? • Was it possible everything was once all together (just like our conga line)? • However, what this meant for our universe in the past was not known yet. • There were many theories around. ...
... • By the 1950s it was pretty well established that our universe was expanding. • But what did that mean? • Was it possible everything was once all together (just like our conga line)? • However, what this meant for our universe in the past was not known yet. • There were many theories around. ...
Standard 1-1.A “The Big Bang Theory” Study Notes
... 4. Scientists accept the Big Bang theory because evidence supports it. 5. The big bang started when all matter in the universe burst from a tiny point. 6. A star moving away from Earth has a spectrum that is shifted toward red. 7. Hubble’s discovery that there was red shift in the spectra of galaxie ...
... 4. Scientists accept the Big Bang theory because evidence supports it. 5. The big bang started when all matter in the universe burst from a tiny point. 6. A star moving away from Earth has a spectrum that is shifted toward red. 7. Hubble’s discovery that there was red shift in the spectra of galaxie ...
Image of the day
... Theory. It turns out, that in light of the evidence, there appears to have been a Big Bang in the past and the universe is not in a Steady State. If the universe started as a singularity, then there is no center of the universe, or perhaps it is better to say that everywhere is the center of the uni ...
... Theory. It turns out, that in light of the evidence, there appears to have been a Big Bang in the past and the universe is not in a Steady State. If the universe started as a singularity, then there is no center of the universe, or perhaps it is better to say that everywhere is the center of the uni ...
Lecture 5: Matter Dominated Universe: CMB Anisotropies and Large
... and Sunyaev-Zeldovich (Re-ionisation) effects. • From the CMB Power Spectrum, most cosmological parameters are determined to a few percent. This determines the redshifttime relationship, R( t ) = 1 + z( t ) . • Supercomputer simulations, with initial conditions from the CMB, tracking dark matter m ...
... and Sunyaev-Zeldovich (Re-ionisation) effects. • From the CMB Power Spectrum, most cosmological parameters are determined to a few percent. This determines the redshifttime relationship, R( t ) = 1 + z( t ) . • Supercomputer simulations, with initial conditions from the CMB, tracking dark matter m ...
The Cosmic Microwave Background
... • DMR: Differential Microwave Radiometer maps the cosmic radiation sensitively. The CMB was found to have intrinsic ”anisotropy” for the first time, at a level of a part in 100,000. Each antenna has a 7 degree (FWHM) beam, giving an effective angular resolution of 10 degrees. These tiny variations i ...
... • DMR: Differential Microwave Radiometer maps the cosmic radiation sensitively. The CMB was found to have intrinsic ”anisotropy” for the first time, at a level of a part in 100,000. Each antenna has a 7 degree (FWHM) beam, giving an effective angular resolution of 10 degrees. These tiny variations i ...
This chapter has a brief overview of astronomical topics that we will
... The creation involved enormous energies heating the early cosmos with γ -rays. As space expanded this radiation was stretched (cooled) until now it would be mere microwave static. Penzias and Wilson observed this microwave background radiation in the 1960's. The snow or static you see on unused (non ...
... The creation involved enormous energies heating the early cosmos with γ -rays. As space expanded this radiation was stretched (cooled) until now it would be mere microwave static. Penzias and Wilson observed this microwave background radiation in the 1960's. The snow or static you see on unused (non ...
Children of the stars, children of the Universe…
... GR also assumes that the Universe has a curvature that determines its geometry and expansion Curved space can be finite but have no bounds. This can be explained by the example of a twodimensional creature living on a three-dimensional surface ...
... GR also assumes that the Universe has a curvature that determines its geometry and expansion Curved space can be finite but have no bounds. This can be explained by the example of a twodimensional creature living on a three-dimensional surface ...
Document
... • Big Bang theory predicted cosmic microwave background. • In 1965: discovery of radio waves (microwaves) from sky. • Prediction confirmed. ...
... • Big Bang theory predicted cosmic microwave background. • In 1965: discovery of radio waves (microwaves) from sky. • Prediction confirmed. ...
Not a limitation
... • EVERYTHING was in one small point (singularity) that “blew up” and is still moving outwards today • Not really an explosion, so much as a very rapid expansion…like blowing up a balloon • About 13.7 billion years ago • Microwave radiation detected in the 1960’s supports this theory. It’s left over ...
... • EVERYTHING was in one small point (singularity) that “blew up” and is still moving outwards today • Not really an explosion, so much as a very rapid expansion…like blowing up a balloon • About 13.7 billion years ago • Microwave radiation detected in the 1960’s supports this theory. It’s left over ...
Astronomical Unit (AU)
... • Big Bang model describes our current understanding of the universe. • New discoveries, such as dark matter and accelerating expansion (Dark Energy), lead us to refine our model, but there is no crisis in our understanding (yet). • Science is an ongoing process - forcing us to test our model thro ...
... • Big Bang model describes our current understanding of the universe. • New discoveries, such as dark matter and accelerating expansion (Dark Energy), lead us to refine our model, but there is no crisis in our understanding (yet). • Science is an ongoing process - forcing us to test our model thro ...
Cosmology and Astrophysics II
... universe was first derived using General Relativity but we have seen that they can be derived from Newton’s equations. ...
... universe was first derived using General Relativity but we have seen that they can be derived from Newton’s equations. ...
Astronomy Introduction
... • Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior. Examples: galaxies, stars, planets, cosmic microwave background. • Theoretical and observational astrophysics. ...
... • Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior. Examples: galaxies, stars, planets, cosmic microwave background. • Theoretical and observational astrophysics. ...
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology. In older literature, the CMB is also variously known as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) or ""relic radiation."" The CMB is a cosmic background radiation that is fundamental to observational cosmology because it is the oldest light in the universe, dating to the epoch of recombination. With a traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the background) is completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background glow, almost exactly the same in all directions, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. The accidental discovery of CMB in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned the discoverers the 1978 Nobel Prize.The CMB is a snapshot of the oldest light in our Universe, imprinted on the sky when the Universe was just 380,000 years old. It shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today.The CMB is well explained as radiation left over from an early stage in the development of the universe, and its discovery is considered a landmark test of the Big Bang model of the universe. When the universe was young, before the formation of stars and planets, it was denser, much hotter, and filled with a uniform glow from a white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma. As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler. When the universe cooled enough, protons and electrons combined to form neutral atoms. These atoms could no longer absorb the thermal radiation, and so the universe became transparent instead of being an opaque fog. Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch, and the event shortly afterwards when photons started to travel freely through space rather than constantly being scattered by electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling. The photons that existed at the time of photon decoupling have been propagating ever since, though growing fainter and less energetic, since the expansion of space causes their wavelength to increase over time (and wavelength is inversely proportional to energy according to Planck's relation). This is the source of the alternative term relic radiation. The surface of last scattering refers to the set of points in space at the right distance from us so that we are now receiving photons originally emitted from those points at the time of photon decoupling.Precise measurements of the CMB are critical to cosmology, since any proposed model of the universe must explain this radiation. The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 7000272548000000000♠2.72548±0.00057 K. The spectral radiance dEν/dν peaks at 160.2 GHz, in the microwave range of frequencies. (Alternatively if spectral radiance is defined as dEλ/dλ then the peak wavelength is 1.063 mm.) The glow is very nearly uniform in all directions, but the tiny residual variations show a very specific pattern, the same as that expected of a fairly uniformly distributed hot gas that has expanded to the current size of the universe. In particular, the spectral radiance at different angles of observation in the sky contains small anisotropies, or irregularities, which vary with the size of the region examined. They have been measured in detail, and match what would be expected if small thermal variations, generated by quantum fluctuations of matter in a very tiny space, had expanded to the size of the observable universe we see today. This is a very active field of study, with scientists seeking both better data (for example, the Planck spacecraft) and better interpretations of the initial conditions of expansion. Although many different processes might produce the general form of a black body spectrum, no model other than the Big Bang has yet explained the fluctuations. As a result, most cosmologists consider the Big Bang model of the universe to be the best explanation for the CMB.The high degree of uniformity throughout the observable universe and its faint but measured anisotropy lend strong support for the Big Bang model in general and the ΛCDM (""Lambda Cold Dark Matter"") model in particular. Moreover, the fluctuations are coherent on angular scales that are larger than the apparent cosmological horizon at recombination. Either such coherence is acausally fine-tuned, or cosmic inflation occurred.