How many galaxies are there in the Universe?
... This picture was taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, and it is known as the Hubble ultra-deep field. The image results from an observation taken with the telescope trained on one tiny region of the sky for a total of 11.3 days. The picture enables astronomers to observe the very faintest and furt ...
... This picture was taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, and it is known as the Hubble ultra-deep field. The image results from an observation taken with the telescope trained on one tiny region of the sky for a total of 11.3 days. The picture enables astronomers to observe the very faintest and furt ...
12/08/14-- Student ID ______ TA Name
... that the Milky Way was just one of many galaxies, showed us something quite different. Almost over night we discovered that a. a huge volume of dark matter and dark energy surrounds the Milky Way. b. our solar system was just one of many planetary systems in the Orion Arm of the Galaxy. c. our solar ...
... that the Milky Way was just one of many galaxies, showed us something quite different. Almost over night we discovered that a. a huge volume of dark matter and dark energy surrounds the Milky Way. b. our solar system was just one of many planetary systems in the Orion Arm of the Galaxy. c. our solar ...
Word doc - GDN - University of Gloucestershire
... according to which the Universe expanded to its present enormous volume from an initial miniscule starting volume. This expansion has taken place over the past 10 or so billion years. Two observations, both made during the 20th Century have profoundly shaped the way in which we think about our Unive ...
... according to which the Universe expanded to its present enormous volume from an initial miniscule starting volume. This expansion has taken place over the past 10 or so billion years. Two observations, both made during the 20th Century have profoundly shaped the way in which we think about our Unive ...
A cosmic consequence of assuming that rotational motion is relative
... Assume that initially the Schwarzschild radius of the shell is equal to its radius, so that there is perfect dragging inside it. The surface of the water would be flat if the water is at rest in an inertial Zero Angular Momentum (ZAMO) frame. The shape depends upon the angular velocity of the water ...
... Assume that initially the Schwarzschild radius of the shell is equal to its radius, so that there is perfect dragging inside it. The surface of the water would be flat if the water is at rest in an inertial Zero Angular Momentum (ZAMO) frame. The shape depends upon the angular velocity of the water ...
Introductory Presentation on Cosmic Rays
... release of nuclear energy. When the star is particularly massive, then its core will collapse and in so doing will release a huge amount of energy. This will cause a blast wave that ejects the star’s envelop into interstellar space. Many supernovae have been seen in nearby galaxies, they are relativ ...
... release of nuclear energy. When the star is particularly massive, then its core will collapse and in so doing will release a huge amount of energy. This will cause a blast wave that ejects the star’s envelop into interstellar space. Many supernovae have been seen in nearby galaxies, they are relativ ...
New Planet Definition Proposed by IAU
... (1) A planet is a celestial body that (a) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape1, and (b) is in orbit around a star, and is neither a star nor a satellite of a planet.2 (2) We distinguish between the e ...
... (1) A planet is a celestial body that (a) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape1, and (b) is in orbit around a star, and is neither a star nor a satellite of a planet.2 (2) We distinguish between the e ...
Tests and Constraints on Theories of Galaxy Formation and
... in the first 3% of the age of the universe be greater than or equal to the total number of baryons converted to stars in the remaining 97%. The metals produced by this conversion must be hidden in ...
... in the first 3% of the age of the universe be greater than or equal to the total number of baryons converted to stars in the remaining 97%. The metals produced by this conversion must be hidden in ...
Stars and Galaxies
... still moving away from this explosion. Scientists don’t know if the universe will expand forever or stop expanding. If there is enough matter in the universe, gravity might stop the expansion. Then the universe would contract until everything came back to a single point. But studies show the univers ...
... still moving away from this explosion. Scientists don’t know if the universe will expand forever or stop expanding. If there is enough matter in the universe, gravity might stop the expansion. Then the universe would contract until everything came back to a single point. But studies show the univers ...
Cosmic Rays and Plasma Astrophysics
... I. Discovery of Cosmic Rays; Spectrum and Composition Discovery of cosmic rays (Longair 1.10) The late 1800’s was an extremely active period in physics, leading to the observation of fundamental new particles, the theoretical foundations of electromagnetic theory and the seeds of quantum mechanics a ...
... I. Discovery of Cosmic Rays; Spectrum and Composition Discovery of cosmic rays (Longair 1.10) The late 1800’s was an extremely active period in physics, leading to the observation of fundamental new particles, the theoretical foundations of electromagnetic theory and the seeds of quantum mechanics a ...
Lecture 5
... As we look out in space we can see the history of the universe unfolding in front of our telescopes. However, at redshift z = 1100 our line of sight hits the last scattering surface, from which the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation originates. This corresponds to t = 380000 years. Before t ...
... As we look out in space we can see the history of the universe unfolding in front of our telescopes. However, at redshift z = 1100 our line of sight hits the last scattering surface, from which the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation originates. This corresponds to t = 380000 years. Before t ...
COSMIC RAY ACCELERATION and TRANSPORT LECTURE I
... All of these elements are formed ONLY in stars and liberated into space by the explosion of supernovae… But supernovae are usually formed in regions of star formation, or molecular Clouds… These clouds form by gravitational collapse…BUT their gravitational collapse time would be too short to form st ...
... All of these elements are formed ONLY in stars and liberated into space by the explosion of supernovae… But supernovae are usually formed in regions of star formation, or molecular Clouds… These clouds form by gravitational collapse…BUT their gravitational collapse time would be too short to form st ...
The observational characteristics of the
... However, the BAO signal from the cluster sample is stronger than expected and leads to a rather low matter density Ωm h2 = 0.093 ± 0.0077(1σ), which deviates from the WMAP 7-year result by more than 3σ. The 2MASS Tully-Fisher Survey (2MTF) measures Tully-Fisher distances for all bright inclined spir ...
... However, the BAO signal from the cluster sample is stronger than expected and leads to a rather low matter density Ωm h2 = 0.093 ± 0.0077(1σ), which deviates from the WMAP 7-year result by more than 3σ. The 2MASS Tully-Fisher Survey (2MTF) measures Tully-Fisher distances for all bright inclined spir ...
The Galaxies
... ► Ellipticals range is size from the smallest known galaxies (1,000 LY across and about a million stars) to the largest known galaxies (nearly a million LY across with tens of trillions of stars). ...
... ► Ellipticals range is size from the smallest known galaxies (1,000 LY across and about a million stars) to the largest known galaxies (nearly a million LY across with tens of trillions of stars). ...
Physics 130 Name
... 30._____Which one of the following statements is a correct description of the expansion of the universe? a.) Space is a vacuum, but the vacuum has real properties, as galaxies (or superclusters of galaxies) hurtle outwards, the expansion is gradually slowing down by the resistance of space to the p ...
... 30._____Which one of the following statements is a correct description of the expansion of the universe? a.) Space is a vacuum, but the vacuum has real properties, as galaxies (or superclusters of galaxies) hurtle outwards, the expansion is gradually slowing down by the resistance of space to the p ...
Recollapsing Universe
... A. Massive central dominant elliptical galaxies. B. Massive spiral galaxies with star birth rates more than 100x that in the Milky Way C. Supermassive black holes that reside at the centers of galaxies D. Huge walls of galaxies and clusters of galaxies E. The architectural structure that is the ...
... A. Massive central dominant elliptical galaxies. B. Massive spiral galaxies with star birth rates more than 100x that in the Milky Way C. Supermassive black holes that reside at the centers of galaxies D. Huge walls of galaxies and clusters of galaxies E. The architectural structure that is the ...
PowerPoint
... We know that galaxy spectra show redshifts • Spectral lines shifted to red: longer wavelengths but: galaxy recession due to expansion of space • “Doppler shift" not correct ...
... We know that galaxy spectra show redshifts • Spectral lines shifted to red: longer wavelengths but: galaxy recession due to expansion of space • “Doppler shift" not correct ...
Next…. Both our past and our future depend on amount of matter in
... – Space has stretched since they gave off their light ...
... – Space has stretched since they gave off their light ...
Name: Period: ______ Electromagnetic Spectrum Webquest Go to
... 21. How fast does the field radiate out? 22. How is the radio portion of the spectrum divided? Click “Next: Microwave” 23. What are the uses for microwave? 24. Why did creating microwaves pose a challenge to engineers during the 1930s? 25. How do microwave ovens heat food? 26. What wavelengths do st ...
... 21. How fast does the field radiate out? 22. How is the radio portion of the spectrum divided? Click “Next: Microwave” 23. What are the uses for microwave? 24. Why did creating microwaves pose a challenge to engineers during the 1930s? 25. How do microwave ovens heat food? 26. What wavelengths do st ...
- ORIGINS Space Telescope
... OST will utilize the unique power of the infrared fine-structure emission lines to trace the rise of metals from the first galaxies until today. The present day Universe is rich in metals heavier than helium that enable efficient cooling of gas in the ISM in order to form stars, create planets and m ...
... OST will utilize the unique power of the infrared fine-structure emission lines to trace the rise of metals from the first galaxies until today. The present day Universe is rich in metals heavier than helium that enable efficient cooling of gas in the ISM in order to form stars, create planets and m ...
Chapter 21: Energy and Matter in the Universe
... particles to bring them together. Although the gravitational force is the weakest of the four fundamental forces, gravity is effective in binding matter together when large amounts of matter are present. But because the gravitational force is so weak, the effects of gravity did not become important ...
... particles to bring them together. Although the gravitational force is the weakest of the four fundamental forces, gravity is effective in binding matter together when large amounts of matter are present. But because the gravitational force is so weak, the effects of gravity did not become important ...
department of physics - Bishopston Comprehensive School Moodle
... Now we’ve just discussed the Doppler effect using sound waves, but the Doppler effect applies to ALL waves not just sound waves. So for example if we looked at stars from a distant galaxy and the light wave received on earth was slightly stretched, then that would mean that the galaxy must be moving ...
... Now we’ve just discussed the Doppler effect using sound waves, but the Doppler effect applies to ALL waves not just sound waves. So for example if we looked at stars from a distant galaxy and the light wave received on earth was slightly stretched, then that would mean that the galaxy must be moving ...
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology. In older literature, the CMB is also variously known as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) or ""relic radiation."" The CMB is a cosmic background radiation that is fundamental to observational cosmology because it is the oldest light in the universe, dating to the epoch of recombination. With a traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the background) is completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background glow, almost exactly the same in all directions, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. The accidental discovery of CMB in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned the discoverers the 1978 Nobel Prize.The CMB is a snapshot of the oldest light in our Universe, imprinted on the sky when the Universe was just 380,000 years old. It shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today.The CMB is well explained as radiation left over from an early stage in the development of the universe, and its discovery is considered a landmark test of the Big Bang model of the universe. When the universe was young, before the formation of stars and planets, it was denser, much hotter, and filled with a uniform glow from a white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma. As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler. When the universe cooled enough, protons and electrons combined to form neutral atoms. These atoms could no longer absorb the thermal radiation, and so the universe became transparent instead of being an opaque fog. Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch, and the event shortly afterwards when photons started to travel freely through space rather than constantly being scattered by electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling. The photons that existed at the time of photon decoupling have been propagating ever since, though growing fainter and less energetic, since the expansion of space causes their wavelength to increase over time (and wavelength is inversely proportional to energy according to Planck's relation). This is the source of the alternative term relic radiation. The surface of last scattering refers to the set of points in space at the right distance from us so that we are now receiving photons originally emitted from those points at the time of photon decoupling.Precise measurements of the CMB are critical to cosmology, since any proposed model of the universe must explain this radiation. The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 7000272548000000000♠2.72548±0.00057 K. The spectral radiance dEν/dν peaks at 160.2 GHz, in the microwave range of frequencies. (Alternatively if spectral radiance is defined as dEλ/dλ then the peak wavelength is 1.063 mm.) The glow is very nearly uniform in all directions, but the tiny residual variations show a very specific pattern, the same as that expected of a fairly uniformly distributed hot gas that has expanded to the current size of the universe. In particular, the spectral radiance at different angles of observation in the sky contains small anisotropies, or irregularities, which vary with the size of the region examined. They have been measured in detail, and match what would be expected if small thermal variations, generated by quantum fluctuations of matter in a very tiny space, had expanded to the size of the observable universe we see today. This is a very active field of study, with scientists seeking both better data (for example, the Planck spacecraft) and better interpretations of the initial conditions of expansion. Although many different processes might produce the general form of a black body spectrum, no model other than the Big Bang has yet explained the fluctuations. As a result, most cosmologists consider the Big Bang model of the universe to be the best explanation for the CMB.The high degree of uniformity throughout the observable universe and its faint but measured anisotropy lend strong support for the Big Bang model in general and the ΛCDM (""Lambda Cold Dark Matter"") model in particular. Moreover, the fluctuations are coherent on angular scales that are larger than the apparent cosmological horizon at recombination. Either such coherence is acausally fine-tuned, or cosmic inflation occurred.